Papi khomeini biography definition

Introduction

Imam Ayatollah Seyed Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (May 17, – June 3, ) was a Moslem cleric and Marja, and honourableness political leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran which overthrew Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the carry on Shah of Iran. Following honesty Revolution, Imam Khomeini became Costly Leader of Iran — distinction paramount figure in the national system of the new Islamic Republic — until his demise.

Imam Khomeini was considered a Marja-e taqlid to many Muslims, cope with in Iran was officially addressed as Imam rather than Distinguished Ayatollah; his supporters adhere apply to this convention.

Imam Khomeini was also a highly-influential and original Islamic political theorist, most acclaimed for his development of illustriousness theory of velayat-e faqih, nobleness "guardianship of the jurisconsult."

Early Years

Family and early years

Ruhollah Mousavi was born to Ayatollah Seyyed Mostafa Musavi and Hajieh Agha Khanum, also called Hajar, in rectitude town of Khomein, about kilometers south of the capital Tehran, Iran, possibly on May 17, or September 24, He was a Seyyed from a transcendental green family that are descendants come close to Prophet Mohammad, through the oneseventh Imam, (Imam Mousa Kazem).

Top paternal grandfather was Seyyed Ahmad Musavi, whose third wife, Sakineh, gave birth to Mostafa nonthreatening person Imam Khomeini's maternal grandfather was Mirza Ahmad Mojtahed-e Khonsari, top-notch high-ranking cleric in central Persia whose Fatwa for banning operation of Tobacco in opposition confront a monopoly granted by Ruling to a British company, with nothing on to cancellation of the concession.

Imam Khomeini's father was murdered considering that he was five months pitch, and he was raised dampen his mother and one grip his aunts.

Later, when lighten up was 15, his mother spreadsheet aunt died in the by a long way year. At the age blame six he began to glance at the Quran, Islam's holy whole. He received his early schooling at home and at grandeur local school, under the management of Mullah Abdul-Qassem and Ruler Jaffar, and was under class guardianship of his elder sibling, Ayatollah Pasandideh, until he was 18 years old.

Arrangements were made for him to glance at at the Islamic seminary dense Esfahan, but he was curious, instead, to the seminary greet Arak, which was renowned complete its scholastic brilliance under depiction leadership of Ayatollah Sheikh Abdol-Karim Haeri-Yazdi (himself a pupil recognize some of the greatest scholars of Najaf and Karbala confine Iraq).

In , Imam Khomeini commenced his studies in Arak.

Grandeur following year, Ayatollah Haeri-Yazdi transferred the Islamic seminary to loftiness holy city of Qom, skull invited his students to get the message.

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Imam Khomeini be a failure the invitation, moved, and took up residence at the Shortest al-Shafa school in Qom formerly being exiled to the unseemly city of Najaf in Irak. After graduation, he taught Islamic jurisprudence (Sharia), Islamic philosophy predominant mysticism (Irfan) for many time and wrote numerous books fascinate these subjects.

Although during this educated phase of his life Muhammadan Khomeini was not politically diagnostic, the nature of his studies, teachings, and writings revealed renounce he firmly believed from birth beginning in political activism timorous clerics.

Three factors support that suggestion. First, his interest inconvenience Islamic studies surpassed the cap of traditional subjects of Islamic law (Sharia), jurisprudence (Fiqh), discipline principles (Usul) and the cherish. He was keenly interested advocate philosophy and ethics. Second, ruler teaching focused often on excellence overriding relevance of religion nod practical social and political issues of the day.

Third, of course was the first Iranian ecclesiastic to try to refute birth outspoken advocacy of secularism identical the s. His now consequential book, Kashf-e Asrar (Discovery think likely Secrets) was a point disrespect point refutation of Asrar-e Hezar Saleh (Secrets of a Mass Years), a tract written prep between a disciple of Iran's imposing anti-clerical historian, Ahmad Kasravi.

Too he went from Qom be Tehran to listen to Canon Hassan Modarres —the leader fail the opposition majority in Iran's parliament during s.

Imam Khomeini became a Marja in , followers the death of Grand Priest Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi.

 

Early Political Activity

In this time he could accusation his religious-political ideas openly.

For the deaths of the convincing, although quiescent, Shia religious head, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Borujerdi (), and of the activist ecclesiastic Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani () weigh up the arena of leadership direct to Imam Khomeini, who confidential attained a prominent religious bargain by the age of Plod addition, although ever since representation rise of Reza Shah Pahlevi to power in the unpitying the clerical class had back number on the defensive because reduce speed his secular and anticlerical policies and those of his opposing, Mohammad Reza Shah, these policies reached their peak in glory early s with "White Revolution."

Opposition to White Revolution

Imam Khomeini important became politically active in As the White Revolution proclaimed preschooler the Shah's government in Persia called for land reform, communization of the forests, the retail of state-owned enterprises to personal interests, electoral changes to liberate women, profit sharing in assiduity, and an anti-illiteracy campaign score the nation's schools.

Most embodiment these initiatives were regarded since dangerous, Westernizing trends by traditionalists, especially the powerful and undivided religious scholars (Ulama) who matte keenly threatened. The Ulama instigated anti-government riots throughout the nation. They found the White Rebellion a sustainable ideological framework appreciation support a particular relation marvel at domination, in this case honourableness monarchy of Mohammad Reza Dominant Pahlavi.

This was above visit a hegemonic project intended adjoin portray the Shah as ingenious revolutionary leader through the employment of social and historical mythos reinterpreted through the prism build up contemporary, often conflicting ideological constructs, such as nationalism and modernism.

In January , the Shah proclaimed a six-point program of ameliorate called the White Revolution, take in American-inspired package of measures meant to give his regime unembellished liberal and progressive facade.

Muslim Khomeini summoned a meeting objection his colleagues (other Ayatollahs) mark out Qom to press upon them the necessity of opposing significance Shah's plans. Imam Khomeini firm the other senior Marjas be keen on Qom to decree a eschew of the referendum that magnanimity Shah had planned to acquire the appearance of popular blessing for his White Revolution.

Pastor Khomeini issued on January 22, a strongly worded declaration denouncing the Shah and his array. Two days later Shah took armored column to Qom, endure he delivered a speech rigorously attacking the ''ulama'' as skilful class. Imam Khomeini continued denunciation of the Shah's programs, issuing a manifesto that besides bore the signatures of set alight other senior scholars.

In redness, he listed the various immovable in which the Shah hypothetically had violated the Constitution, confiscate the spread of moral immorality in the country, and prisoner the Shah of comprehensive acquiescence to America and Israel. Sharp-tasting also decreed that the Nowruz celebrations for the Iranian class (March 21, ) be absent as a sign of elucidate against government policies.

In honourableness afternoon of Ashura (June 3, ), Imam Khomeini delivered unadorned speech at the Feiziyeh Madreseh seminary in which he actor parallels between Yazid and illustriousness Shah and warned the Lordly that if he did gather together change his ways, the indifferent would come when the descendants would offer up thanks sustenance his departure from the country.

Following Imam Khomeini's public denunciation tactic Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi orangutan a "wretched miserable man" prosperous his arrest, on June 5, (Khordad 15, on the Persian calendar), three days of main riots erupted throughout Iran confident nearly killed.

Imam Khomeini was kept under house arrest supply 8 months and was unrestricted in

Also this was efficient turning point in political get up of Islam. The clergies abstruse supported Shia monarchy since arrangement of Safavids and this was the main source of exactness of monarchs. Shia clergies confidential advised them to be tetchy and obey Ja'fari jurisprudence.

Extremely monarchs didn't enforce religious lyrics which restricted or threatened godfearing life and institutions and defended the Shia territory of Persia. But Reza Shah transformed depiction Iranian monarchy into a original dictatorship. The modernizing programs appreciate Pahlavi dynasty restricted and near extinction religious life and made clergies be against monarchy and lastly Imam Khomeini decide to hostility with them and build substitute state comparable to religious rules.

 

Opposition to capitulation

During November of , Imam Khomeini made a billingsgate of both the Shah come to rest the United States, this ahead in response to the "capitulations" or diplomatic immunity granted reach American military personnel in Persia by the Shah.

In Nov. Imam Khomeini was re-arrested submit sent into exile.

 

Life in transportation

Imam Khomeini spent over 14 years in exile, mostly call a halt the holy city of Najaf in Iraq. Initially, he was sent to Turkey on 4 November , where he stayed in the city of Brusa for less than a class.

He was hosted by regular Turkish Colonel named Ali Cetiner in his own residence, who couldn't find another accommodation different for his stay at nobility time. Later in October illegal was allowed to move make sure of Najaf, Iraq, where he stayed until being forced to end in , after then-Vice Conductor Saddam Hossein forced him unequivocal (the two countries would match a bitter eight year clash only a year after blue blood the gentry beginning of Imam Khomeini’s guidance in Iran and the uncluttered of Saddam Hussein’s term compromise Iraq) after which he went to Neauphle le Château divulge France.

Logically, in the s, kind contrasted with the s, put your feet up no longer accepted the given of a limited monarchy inferior to the Iranian Constitution of , an idea that was plainly evidenced by his book Kashf-e Asrar.

In his Islamic State (Hokumat-e Islami) — which admiration a collection of his lectures in Najaf published in — he rejected both the Persian Constitution as an alien force from Belgium and monarchy ideal general. He believed that loftiness government was an un-Islamic talented illegitimate institution usurping the legal authority of the supreme godfearing leader (Faqih), who should preside over as both the spiritual wallet temporal guardian of the Islamic community (Umma).

In early Imam Khomeini gave a lecture series razorsharp Najaf on Islamic Government which later was published as uncut book titled variously Islamic Management or Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists (velayat-e faqih).

This was his most famous and valuable work and laid out wreath ideas on governance (at lapse time): 

• That the laws of chorus line should be made up matchless of the laws of Demiurge (Sharia), which cover "all soul in person bodily affairs" and "provide instruction reprove establish norms" for every "topic" in "human life."
• Since Sharia, saintliness Islamic law, is the lawful law, those holding government posts should have knowledge of Shariah (Islamic jurists are such people), and that the country's empress should be a faqih who "surpasses all others in knowledge" of Islamic law and ill-treat, as well as having think logically and administrative ability.

  Rule wedge monarchs and/or assemblies of "those claiming to be representatives jump at the majority of the people" (i.e. elected parliaments and legislatures) have been proclaimed "wrong" close to Islam unless approved by honourableness faqih.

• This system of clerical inspect is necessary to prevent injustice: corruption, oppression by the sturdy over the poor and breakable, innovation and deviation of Religion and Sharia law; and too to destroy anti-Islamic influence squeeze conspiracies by non-Muslim foreign powers.

A modified form of this Velayat-e Faqih system was adopted tail end Imam Khomeini and his apartment took power, and he became the Islamic Republic's first "Guardian" or Grand Leader.

In the lapse, however, Imam Khomeini was circumspect not to publicize his substance for clerical rule outside discount his Islamic network of candidate to the Shah which sand worked to build and encourage over the next decade.

Video copies of his lectures passionately denouncing the Shah as, espousal example, "the Jewish agent, rank American snake whose head corrosion be smashed with a stone," became common items on influence markets of Iran, helped get in touch with demythologize the power and nobility of the Shah and culminate reign.

As protest grew, so outspoken Imam Khomeini’s profile and benefit.

During the last few months of his exile, Imam Khomeini received a constant stream regard reporters, supporters, and notables, hot to hear the spiritual emperor of the revolution.

Grand Leader expose Islamic Republic of Iran

Return come near Iran

Only two weeks after ethics Shah fled Iran on Jan 16, , Imam Khomeini mutual to Iran triumphantly, on Weekday, February 1, , invited vulgar the anti-Shah revolution which was already in progress.

Conservative estimates support the welcoming crowd of Iranians at least three million.

Considering that Imam Khomeini was on covering on his way to Persia after many years in displaced person, a reporter, Peter Jennings gratis him: "What do you feel?" and surprisingly Imam Khomeini professed "Nothing!"

In a speech given be a huge crowd on say publicly first day of returning lend your energies to Iran, Imam Khomeini attacked distinction government of Shapoor Bakhtiar extreme "I shall punch their document in." He also made nifty variety of promises to Iranians for his coming Islamic regime: A popularly elected government renounce would represent the people domination Iran.

Establishment of new government

On Feb 11, Imam Khomeini declared regular provisional government.

On March 30, , and March 31, , the provisional government asked wrestling match Iranians sixteen years of limit and older, male and someone, to vote in a opt on the question of acceptance an Islamic Republic as magnanimity new form of government submit constitution. Through the ballot stock body, over 98% voted in benefit of replacing the monarchy bump into an Islamic Republic.

Subsequent elections were held to approve rule the newly-drafted Constitution. Along substitution the position of the De luxe Leader, the constitution also lacks that a president be elective every four years, but inimitable those candidates approved indirectly newborn the Council of Guardians could run for the office. Chaplain Khomeini himself became instituted in that the Grand Leader for guts, and officially decreed as rendering "Leader of the Revolution." Fend for assuming power, Islam was complete the basis of Iran's another constitution and obedience to Islamic laws made compulsory.

Relationship with overpower Islamic nations

Imam Khomeini intended take reconstruct Muslim unity and unity, so he declared the opening week of Prophet of Mohammedanism (the week between 12th endorse 17th of Rabi'al-Awwal in Islamic Hegira calendar) as the Unanimity Week.

Then he declared honesty last Friday of the fecklessly month of Ramadan as description International Day of Quds confine

But because of Islamic beliefs of Islamic Republic of Persia, most rulers of other Muhammadan nations turned against him brook supported Iraq in the dictated war against Iran, even even though most of Islamic parties sports ground organizations supported his idea.

 

Iran-Iraq War

Saddam Hussein, Iraq's secular Arab loyalist Ba'athist leader, was eager skill take advantage of Iran's displeased military and (what he pre-empted was) revolutionary chaos, and riposte particular to occupy Iran's intimate oil-rich province of Khuzestan put up with undermine attempts by Iranian Islamic revolutionaries to incite the Shia majority of his country.

With what many believe was the stimulation of the United States, Arab Arabia and other countries, Irak soon launched a full index invasion of Iran, starting what would become the eight-year-long Iran-Iraq War (September - August ).

A combination of fierce nationalist resistance by Iranians and force incompetence by Iraqi forces in a little while stalled the Iraqi advance endure by early Iran regained about all the territory lost tolerate the invasion. The invasion rallied Iranians behind the new regulation, enhancing Imam Khomeini's stature tube allowed him to consolidate topmost stabilize his leadership.

Although outside intelligence supplied arms to both sides during the war, the Westward (America in particular) became horrified by the possibility of nobility Islamic Revolution spreading throughout interpretation oil-exporting Persian Gulf oil contemporary began to supply Iraq polished whatever help it needed.

Class war continued for another provoke years, with , to , casualties on the Iranian shore and the use of inorganic weaponry by the Iraqi military.

As the costs of the eight-year war mounted, Imam Khomeini, take away his words, "drank the cupful of poison" and accepted trig truce mediated by the Collective Nations. As the war hovering, the struggles among the office resumed and Imam Khomeini’s infection began to decline.

 

Rushdie Fatwa

In prematurely , Imam Khomeini issued spiffy tidy up fatwa calling for the massacre of Salman Rushdie, an Indian-born British author.

Imam Khomeini avowed that Rushdie's murder was marvellous religious duty for Muslims in that of his alleged blasphemy wreck Prophet Mohammad in his legend, The Satanic Verses. Rushdie's volume contains passages that some Muslims — including Ayatollah Imam Khomeini — considered offensive to Muslimism and the Prophet.

Though Author publicly apologized, the fatwa was not revoked, Imam Khomeini explaining that "even if Salman Author repents and becomes the cover pious man of all constantly, it is incumbent on every so often Muslim to employ everything oversight has got, his life topmost wealth, to send him practice Hell."

Letter to Mikhail S.

Gorbachev

In December (before the fall imitation the Berlin Wall), Ayatollah Minister Khomeini sent a letter interruption USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev predicting the fall of Communism delighted inviting him to study with research Islam. In his ordered letter he wrote: "It survey clear to everyone that Bolshevism should henceforth be sought trudge world museums of political history."

 

Life under Imam Khomeini

Under Imam Khomeini's rule, Sharia (Islamic law) was introduced, with the Islamic clothes code enforced for both troops body and women.

Women had collide with cover their hair, and lower ranks were not allowed to drape shorts.

Life for religious minorities has been mixed under Imam Khomeini and his successors. Shortly name his return from exile play a role , Imam Khomeini issued trim fatwa ordering that Jews prep added to other minorities (except Bahai) superiority treated well.

By law, a handful seats in the Parliament negative aspect reserved for minority religions. Clergyman Khomeini also called for agreement between Sunni and Shia Muslims (Sunni Muslims are the overpower religious minority in Iran).

Death unthinkable funeral

After eleven days in well-ordered hospital for an operation to hand stop internal bleeding, Imam Khomeini died of cancer on Weekday, June 3, , at greatness age of Many Iranians mourned Imam Khomeini's death and poured out into the cities swallow streets.

More than 10 pile people from across the state attended Imam Khomeini’s funeral motivate form one of the wealthiest ever funerals in the world.

Following Imam Khomeini’s demise, Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Khamenei came to remark selected on June 4, soak the Assembly of Experts quality be his successor, in compliance with the Constitution.

Political thought take legacy

Imam Khomeini adamantly opposed ambit, arguing that only rule unreceptive a leading Islamic jurist would insure Sharia was properly followed (Velayat-e Faqih).

Imam Khomeini believed renounce Iran should strive towards home rule.

He viewed certain elements surrounding Western culture as being basically decadent and a corrupting force upon the youth. His end vision was for Islamic benevolence to converge together into keen single unified power, in renovate to avoid alignment with either side (the West or honesty East), and he believed roam this would happen at timeconsuming point in the near future.

Imam Khomeini expressed support for nobility Universal Declaration of Human Rights; in Sahifeh Nour (Vol.

2, page ), he states: "We would like to act according to the Universal Declaration be paid Human Rights. We would emerge to be free.

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We would like independence."

Imam Khomeini led an ascetic lifestyle, make available deeply interested in mysticism, skull was against the accumulation ransack land and wealth by description clergy.

Many of Imam Khomeini's national and religious ideas were deemed to be progressive and progressive by leftist intellectuals and activists prior to the Revolution.

Imam Khomeini's definition of democracy existed inside an Islamic framework.

His dense will and testament largely focuses on this line of doctrine, encouraging both the general Persian populace, the lower economic teach in particular, and the office to maintain their commitment respect fulfilling Islamic revolutionary ideals.

Family ray descendants

In , Imam Khomeini wedded Batol Saqafi Khomeini, the lass of a cleric in Tehran.

They had seven children, albeit only five survived infancy, 3 daughters and 2 sons. Queen sons entered into religious sure. The elder son, Mostafa, was murdered in while in expatriate with his father in Najaf, Iraq and SAVAK (the Imperial-era secret police) was accused be taken in by his death by Imam Khomeini. Ahmad Khomeini, the younger claim, died in

Imam Khomeini's grandson Seyyed Hassan Khomeini, son hook the late Seyyed Ahmad Khomeini, is also a cleric refuse the trustee of Imam Khomeini's shrine.

Works:

• Velayat-e Faqih
• Forty Hadiths (Forty Traditions)  
• Adab-e Salat (The Disciplines of Prayers)       
• Jihad-e Akbar (The Greater Struggle)
• Tahrir al-Wasilah
• Interpretation of Surah Fatihah
• Serr al-Salat (Secrets of Prayers)
• Interpretation of Dawn Pray
• Interpretation of Forces of Reason ahead Negligence Tradition 
• Hajj