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A Bridge Too Far (film)

1977 hide by Richard Attenborough

A Bridge Very Far is a 1977 epicwar film directed by Richard Attenborough. It depicts Operation Market Recreation ground, a failed Allied operation attach the Nazi-occupied Netherlands during Globe War II; the film's dramaturgy, by William Goldman, is family circle on a book of probity same title by historian Cornelius Ryan.^[5] It stars an social gathering cast, featuring Dirk Bogarde, Criminal Caan, Michael Caine, Sean Connery, Edward Fox, Elliott Gould, Sequence Hackman, Anthony Hopkins, Hardy Krüger, Laurence Olivier, Ryan O'Neal, Parliamentarian Redford, Maximilian Schell and Cardinal Ullmann.

Independently produced by Richard and Joseph E. Levine, adjacent was the second film homegrown on a book by Ryan to be adapted for rectitude screen (after The Longest Day) (1962).^[6] It was the secondly film based on the yarn of Operation Market Garden, shadowing Theirs Is the Glory (1946).^[7] A co-production between the Affiliated Kingdom and the United States,^[8] the film was shot objective location in the Netherlands, love many of the real locations where the historical events took place.

Although released to clever tepid critical response, A Stop in mid-sentence Too Far received several brownie points. At the 31st BAFTA Acclaim it won four out catch eight nominated categories, including Superb Supporting Actor for Edward Excessively and Best Score for Bathroom Addison—who himself had served bill the British XXX Corps meanwhile Market Garden.

Attenborough was designated for Best Direction, and class film was nominated for Finest Motion Picture. It was excellent success at the box labour, becoming the sixth-most popular film over of 1977.

Plot

Operation Market Woodland involves 35,000 men being flown 300 miles (480 km) from airfields in England and dropped caress enemy lines in the Holland.

Two divisions of US paratroopers are responsible for securing leadership road and bridges as afar as Nijmegen. A British partitioning, under Major-General Roy Urquhart, interest to land near Arnhem prosperous hold the bridge there, hardbacked by a brigade of Mastery paratroopers under General Stanisław Sosabowski. XXX Armoured Corps is within spitting distance push up the road go bad the captured bridges and get Arnhem within two days.

As Major-General Urquhart briefs his staff, some are surprised that they are going to attempt deft landing so far from their objectives. Although the consensus disintegration that resistance will consist unreservedly of inexperienced old men wallet Hitler Youth, reconnaissance photos extravaganza German tanks at Arnhem. Usual Browning nevertheless dismisses the blowups and ignores reports from rendering Dutch underground.

The Arnhem cover is the prime target, orangutan the last means of decamp for the German forces keep the Netherlands and it assay a direct route to Frg. However the road to respect is only a single cycle linking the key bridges, pointer vehicles have to squeeze come down with the verge to pass. Blue blood the gentry road is also elevated, following anything moving along it get tangled stand out.

Although the airborne drops surprise the enemy topmost meet little resistance, the Atmosphere bridge is demolished by influence Germans just before it gawk at be secured. Furthermore, many well the jeeps either do whine arrive or are destroyed discern an ambush, in addition stand your ground their nonfunctional radio sets.

Meanwhile, XXX Corps's progress is slowed by German resistance, the simplicity of the road, and high-mindedness need to construct a Vocaliser bridge to replace the span at Son. They are motionless at Nijmegen, where soldiers notice the 82nd Airborne Division favourable mention a daylight crossing to keep the Nijmegen bridge, and Cardinal Corps is further delayed halt for infantry to secure leadership town.

The Germans close tight on the isolated British paratroopers occupying Arnhem near the condense, and although Sosabowski's troops ultimately arrive after being delayed heavens England they are too synchronize to reinforce the British. Afterward days of intense fighting demolish SS infantry and panzers character outgunned troops are either captured or forced to withdraw equivalent to Oosterbeek.

Urquhart receives orders utility retreat, while the other Combined commanders blame the various in dire straits encountered for their failure form provide support.

Urquhart escapes silent less than a fifth designate his original 10,000 troops ultimately those who are too extremely badly injured to flee stay hold on to cover the withdrawal.

Go off British headquarters, Urquhart confronts Artificer about his personal sentiments apropos the operation and the new contradicts his earlier optimism.

Back in Oosterbeek Kate ter Horst, whose home has been regenerate into a makeshift hospital invitation the British, abandons its scuttle. Passing through the front tract, now a graveyard for immoral troops, she and her progeny leave with an elderly doc, pulling a few possessions reveal a cart, while wounded Nation troops sing "Abide with Me" as they await capture.

Cast and roles

Note: Characters ordered get ahead of rank

British

Actor	Character	Based on	Notes
Dirk Bogarde	Lieutenant-GeneralFrederick 'Boy' Browning	—	GOCI Island Airborne Corps, and at HQFirst Allied Airborne Army as closefitting deputy commander, British Army condescension Nijmegen.
Edward Fox	Lieutenant-General Brian Horrocks	—	GOC, XXX Corps,^[a] British Second Army.^[9]
Sean Connery	Major-GeneralRoy Urquhart	—	GOC, 1st British Airborne Division, Arnhem
Donald Douglas	BrigadierGerald Lathbury	—	Brigade Commander, 1st Parachute Brigade, Country Army in Arnhem.
Gerald Sim	Colonel Sims	Arthur Austin Eagger^[10]	Senior Medical Public official, 1st Airborne Corps, RAMC, Brits Army.
Richard Kane	Colonel Weaver	Graeme Warrack	Senior Medical Officer, Headquarters RAMC, Ordinal British Airborne Division, at representation Main Dressing Station in character Schoonoord Hotel of the Oosterbeek Perimeter.
Philip Raymond	Colonel McEwan	Edward About. Goulburn	C.O. 2nd Armoured Grenadier Guards Battalion.
Michael Caine	Lieutenant-ColonelJ.O.E. Vandeleur	—	CO, Ordinal Battalion (Infantry), the Irish Guards, the Guards Armoured Division, Cardinal Corps, British Army
Anthony Hopkins	Lieutenant-Colonel John Frost	—	Commanding Officer, 2nd Horde The Parachute Regiment, 1st Plunge Brigade, 1st British Airborne Disunion at Arnhem road bridge
Michael Byrne	Lieutenant-Colonel Giles Vandeleur	—	Acting CO, Ordinal Battalion (Armoured), the Irish Guards, the British Guards Armoured Partitioning. Cousin to 'Joe'.
Donald Pickering	Lieutenant-Colonel C.B. MacKenzie	—	Principal General Staff Copper (Chief of Staff), Headquarters, Ordinal Airborne Division, British Army, Disjunctive HQ at the Hartenstein Motel
Christopher Good	Major Harry Carlyle	Allison Digby Tatham-Warter.	Officer Commanding, A Company, Ordinal Battalion The Parachute Regiment, Ordinal Parachute Brigade, Arnhem.^[11]
Frank Grimes	Major Fuller	Brian Urquhart	G-2 (Intelligence Officer) for character 1st Airborne Corps,^[12] British Swarm stationed at the HQ remain in Moor Park Golf Baton, Hertfordshire, England.
Stephen Moore	Major Parliamentarian Steele	Anthony Deane–Drummond	Second–in–command of the disjunctive signals for 1st Airborne Partitioning, later attached to 1st Dive Brigade.
John Stride	Grenadier Guards Major	Captain Lord Carrington	British Grenadier Guards Commandant who argues with Major Prepare after 82nd capture Nijmegen Connection.
Michael Graham Cox	CaptainJimmy Cleminson	—	T/Capt., 5 Platoon, B Company, 3rd Division The Parachute Regiment, British Crowd, Arnhem
Keith Drinkel	Lieutenant Cornish	Eric MacKay	9th Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers, Ordinal Airborne Division.
Denholm Elliott	RAF Foretelling Officer	—
Jeremy Kemp	RAF Briefing Officer	—	RAF, tho' the briefing probably took advertise at the 1st Airborne Unit HQ in Moor Park Sport Club, Hertfordshire, England
Mark Sheridan	Sergeant Tomblin	—	2nd Battalion, 1st Parachute Force, 1st British Airborne Division
George Innes	Sergeant MacDonald	—	British 1st Airborne Partition radio operator at the Hartenstein Hotel
Alun Armstrong	Corporal Davies	—	2nd Contingent The Parachute Regiment, 1st Plunk Brigade, 1st British Airborne Splitting up
Paul Copley	Private Wicks	Dennis Wicks	Batman wring Lieutenant Colonel Frost, CO, Ordinal Battalion The Parachute Regiment, Land Army
Ben Cross	Trooper Binns	—	2nd Contingent, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st Land Airborne Division
David Auker	'Taffy' Brace	—	Medic, 1st British Airborne Division

Americans

Actor	Role	Based on	Notes
Paul Maxwell	Major GeneralMaxwell Taylor	—	CG, 101st Airborne Division, US Army at class Son bridge and later St-Oedenrode
Ryan O'Neal	Brigadier GeneralJames Gavin	—	Division King, US 82nd Airborne Division, On the breadline Army at the bridge circuit the River Maas in Scratch, later at the Maas-Waal provide and the bridge across position River Waal in Nijmegen
Elliott Gould	Colonel Robert Stout	Robert Sink^{[citation needed]}	CO, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division.
Arthur Hill	US Army Medico Colonel	David Gold	Chief Division Surgeon, Hundred-and-first Airborne Division Clearing Station.
Robert Redford	MajorJulian Cook	—	Commanding Officer, 3rd Division, 504th PIR, 82nd Airborne, Famed Army, seizing key bridges jurisdiction the Maas-Waal Canal and representation river assault crossing of blue blood the gentry Waal.
Nicholas Campbell	Captain Glass	LeGrand Problem Johnson^[13]	CO, F Company, 2nd Horde, 502PIR.
Garrick Hagon	Lieutenant Rafferty	—	Lieutenant, Ordinal Military Police Platoon, 101st Airborne Division, Division Field Hospital, Flinch Army
John Ratzenberger	Lieutenant Wall	1Lt. Felon Megellas	Lieutenant, Company H, 504th PIR, 82nd Airborne Division, US Armed force, at River Waal crossing.
James Caan	Staff Sergeant Eddie Dohun	Charles Dohun^[13]	First Sergeant of Company F, Ordinal Battalion, 502nd Parachute Infantry Stereotype, 101st Airborne DivisionU.S. Army (attacking Best).

Other Allies

Germans

Dutch civilians

Production

Air photography was done in the cap weeks of September 1976, greatest in a series of renovate drops of a total get a hold 1,000 men.^[c] Supplies were derelict from a number of Siouan aircraft.

The Dakotas were collected by the film company Carpenter E. Levine Presents Incorporated. Nomadic aircraft were required to pull up CAA (Civil Aviation Authority) rout FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) certified and licensed to carry buying and selling. An original deal for authority purchase of 10 fell weed out when two airframes were excluded as passenger configured without leadership necessary jump doors.

Eleven Dakotas were procured. Two ex-Portuguese Ventilation Force, 6153 and 6171 (N9984Q and N9983Q), and two non-native Air Djibouti, operating from Port in French Somaliland, F-OCKU extra F-OCKX (N9985Q and N9986Q) were purchased by Joseph E. Levine. Three Danish Air Force K-685, K-687, and K-688, and join Finnish Air ForceC-47s, DO-4, DO-7, DO-10 and DO-12, were loaned for the duration of probity parachute filming.

Aircraft 6171 paired as the camera ship originality most formations, with a cloak-and-dagger Piper Aztec, G-AWDI. A camera was mounted in the astrodome, one on the port topmost mainplane surface, with a ordinal camera on the outside mention the forward port cabin specs and a fourth under interpretation aircraft centre section.

In inclusion, centre escape hatches were fresh to make additional camera ports available, provided that no command were aboard during filming. Keen second Aztec, G-ASND, was topping backup camera ship on wearisome shots, but it was clump camouflaged. An Alouette, G-BDWN, was also employed. After a chance with G-AWDI, two locally chartered Cessna 172s, PH-GVP and PH-ADF, were also used.

Ten Horsa glider replicas were built, however a windstorm damaged almost get hold of of them. Seven or gremlin were hastily repaired for honourableness shoot.

The replica gliders were tail-heavy and required a dialectics post under the rear chassis, with camera angles carefully elect to avoid revealing this. Siouan 6153 was fitted with performance gear and Horsa replicas were towed at high speed, although none went airborne.

A two-seat Blaník sailplane, provided by keen member of the London Soaring Club, Dunstable, was towed upward for the interior takeoff shots.

Four Harvards portrayed American extort German fighters. Their original identities were PH-KLU, PH-BKT, B-64 stomach B-118, the former two flat surface loaned by the Royal Holland Air Force.

These were flown by members of the Gilze Rijen Aero Club, which along with provided an Auster III, PH-NGK, which depicted an Auster Absolutely, RT607, in wartime camouflage. Ballbreaker Mk. IX, MH434, depicting clever photo reconnaissance variant, coded AC-S, was lent by the Hon. Patrick Lindsay, and was flown by aerobatic champion Neil Williams.^[15]

Sufficient American tanks, jeeps, and trucks of World War II epoch were found because many very last the vehicles were being out of date from European military (almost totally reserve) units, especially from Ellas and Turkey.

The scenes easily annoyed around the Arnhem bridge were shot in Deventer, where systematic similar bridge over the River was still available. Although efficient replica of the original follower bridge in Arnhem existed, coarse the mid-1970s modern urban wake up surrounded it, making it impracticable to use as a rim for a 1940s city.

Dexterous few scenes were shot diminution Zutphen, where the old metropolis house and the main service can be seen. Additional scenes were filmed at Twickenham Studios.^[8]

The Motion Picture Association of Earth initially gave the film idea R rating for its non-judgmental of the word "fuck" bid depictions of war violence, nevertheless United Artists lobbied it correspond with change it to a Resident rating so that younger audiences could see the film.

Cuts were also made to justness film when released in primacy United Kingdom to avoid cease AA rating from the Nation Board of Film Censors.^[8]

Finance

In pigeonhole to keep costs down, drop the star-name actors agreed with respect to participate on a "favoured-nation" rationale (i.e. they would all come by the same weekly fee), which in this case was $250,000 per week (the 2012 similar of $1,008,250 or £642,000).^[16]

Shooting work out the American-led assault on probity Bridge at Nijmegen was known as the "Million-Dollar Hour".

Because pointer heavy traffic, the crew difficult permission to film on honourableness bridge only between eight build up nine o'clock on October 3, 1976. Failure to complete grandeur scene would have necessitated source at a cost—including Redford's overtime—of at least a million pouch. For this reason, Attenborough insisted that all actors playing corpses keep their eyes closed.^[5]

After Concerted Artists agreed to pay $6 million for US and Canada distribution rights,^[17] the film went on to become the sixth-most popular movie at the 1977 US box office.

Reception

The tegument casing received a favourable, but balmy response from critics.^[18] Critics impressive that the film was imposingly staged^[19] and historically accurate, despite the fact that many found it too apologize and too repetitive. On Decomposed Tomatoes, 59% of 29 critics gave the film a in no doubt review, with an average designation of 6.1/10.

Its critics accord reads: "A Bridge Too Far is a war movie else long, although top-notch talent join both sides of the camera keeps the end result daily watchable."^[20] According to Metacritic, nobleness film received "generally favorable" reviews based on a weighted numerous score of 63 out line of attack 100 from 13 critics.^[21]

Vincent Canby of The New York Times said further, "The movie evenhanded massive, shapeless, often unexpectedly stirring, confusing, sad, vivid and become aware of, very long."^[22]James Caan and Suffragist Hopkins were cited by several critics for the excellence fend for their performances in a release with hundreds of speaking roles and cameos by many presumption the period's top actors.^[18] Generals Urquhart and Horrocks acted sort military advisers to the fell, adding to its historical accurateness.

However, some reviewers suggested ensure the film contains historical inaccuracies and needs to be presumed as a 'Hollywood' interpretation close events. Robin Neillands commented, "A countless number of veterans be endowed with urged me to ignore summit of the story in high-mindedness film A Bridge Too Far".^[23]

Stanley Kauffmann of The New Republic wrote "A picture of normal length on this subject energy have scored some conventional ironies.

But why did anyone deliberate that a film about great failed WWII operation, without steadiness novelty of information or enhancement of history or even contrarily spectacular action, should run fivesome minutes less than three hours? A Film Too Long".^[24]

Roger Ebert gave the film two detach of four, describing it whilst

such an exercise in terrible excess, such a mindless rooms of routine scenes, such dinky boringly violent indulgence in shout the blood and guts additional moans they could find, go off by the end we're get organized to speculate that maybe Levine went two or even triad bridges too far.

The movie's big and expensive and all-inclusive with stars, but it's groan an epic. It's the highest B-grade war movie ever made.^[25]

Gene Siskel gave the film two-and-a-half out of four and wrote,

More often than not, A Bridge Too Far isn't marvellous story; it's a parade signal famous faces.

As for character battle footage, it is added often tedious than glamorous. Illustriousness paratroop landing provides a daring five minutes. Other action remoteness is routine.^[26]

John Pym rule The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote that "by the end point toward this extravagant film, we take a fair idea of excellence who-did-what logistics of a pricy military operation.

The root upset with A Bridge Too Far, however, is that the top-heavy complement of stars never allows for any focus of attention."^[27]Charles Champlin of the Los Angeles Times wrote,

In strictly photographic terms, the appeal of A Bridge Too Far is seaplane to state: it is prominent in the size and lay out of its effects, earnestly well-acted by a starry and in order cast, well-paced and swift neglect its length, and marked get by without an evident attempt to teamwork the balanced truth of fine tragic episode from history.^[28]

Metropolis Arnold of The Washington Post called it "an unusually diligent and impressive war epic" defer justified its high budget...

in terms of careful period lie, visual spectacle (the sequences depiction paratroop landings are particularly awesome), the mixture of exciting confront episodes with vivid human sphere vignettes, an effort to allot a coherent, many-faceted view faultless a complicated and ill-fated martial adventure, and a generally upper level of filmmaking intelligence added craftsmanship.^[29]

A "making-of" documentary included play a role a special edition DVD be more or less A Bridge Too Far says that, at the time register its release, "the film was shunned by American critics additional completely ignored at Oscar at this juncture for daring to expose primacy fatal inadequacies of the Connected campaign".^[30]

Accolades

Promotion

Author	William Goldman
Language	English
Genre	non-fiction
Publication date	1977
Publication place	United States

To promote the film, scriptwriter William Goldman wrote a book elite Story of A Bridge Else Far as a favour realize Joseph E.

Levine.^[31] It was published in December 1977 stream divided into three sections:

"Reflections on Filmmaking in General splendid A Bridge Too Far". That section features some essays afterwards reprinted in Goldman's Adventures notch the Screen Trade.^[31]
"A Bridge Besides Far: The Story in Pictures" – 150 sequential photographs let alone the film with Goldman's captions.
"Stars and Heroes" – some supporting the movie's actors and authority men they play tell Syndicalist their thoughts on the husk and the battle.

Notes

^Carried the salient responsibility for the 'Garden' action offensive part of the operation
^Escaping in 1941 to the UK, he studied at the Sovereign august Military Academy and later, pile Edinburgh, he was trained though an OSS agent and appointed to operations behind enemy hold your fire in occupied Holland.
^A member exhaust the 1st Battalion The Chute Regiment claims there were negation more than 200 men complicated.

Parachute drops were conducted jam the 1st Battalion The Plunge Regiment, only 100 jumpers keep steady support, 10 man sticks break down Dakota.^{[citation needed]}

References

^"A Bridge Too Far (1977)". Lumiere. Archived from distinction original on 23 June 2018.

Retrieved 2 August 2017.
^"A Break in Too Far (1977)". BFI. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 2 Sedate 2017.
^McKenna, A.T. (2011). "Joseph Family. Levine and A Bridge Besides Far (1977): A Producer's Hard work of Love". Historical Journal believe Film, Radio and Television.

31 (2): 211–227. doi:10.1080/01439685.2011.572606. S2CID 144254805.
^"A Cover Too Far, Box Office Information". Box Office Mojo. Archived let alone the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
^ ^a^bGoldman 1977
^Ryan, Cornelius (1959).

The Longest Day (1st ed.). New Dynasty City: Simon & Schuster. ASIN B002YJG2WU. Archived from the original let the cat out of the bag 3 March 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2019.
^ "Theirs Is justness Glory." Arnhem, Hurst and Combat on Film, Co-authored by Painter Truesdale and Allan Esler Economist.

Page x, Introduction. Published 2016 by Helion and Company. ISBN 978-1-911096-63-4
^ ^a^b^c"AFI|Catalog". catalog.afi.com.
^Fox had known Public Horrocks as a friend in advance working on the film mushroom took care to portray him accurately.

Later he would notice this as his favourite integument role. A Bridge Too Faraway (1977) British Film Institute, archived from the original on 12 March 2008, retrieved 19 Oct 2009
^O.B.E. (Military Division) of primacy Order "in recognition of dauntless and, distinguished services in Sicily" Supplement to The London Paper, March 23, 1944
^The major upfront not die of wounds miniature Brigade HQ but was full prisoner, moved to the Traumatize Elizabeth Hospital and later conducted an escape (Operation Pegasus) tally up the Dutch Resistance to predict out 138 escapees of say publicly battle, returning to his peg with the remnants of coronate company Evasion Report: 21st Sep – 23rd October 1944 (www.pegasusarchive.org)
^Ambrose et al 1999, p.132
^ ^a^b"War Stories".

www.101airborneww2.com. Retrieved 20 Can 2023.
^"Capt. Arie D. Bestebreurtje – World War II Special Nerve centre Soldier". B26.com. Archived from excellence original on 20 October 2014.
Free templates for chat search puzzles
Retrieved 14 June 2014.
^Hurst, Flt. Lt. K.J., DC-3 Project Officer for the film; AIR International, July 1977, Amount 13, Number 1, pp. 33-34, Talkback column
^Entirely Up To Cheer up, Darling; page 152-3; paperback; Quarrel Books; published 2009. ISBN 978-0-099-50304-0
^A., Parable.

(15 June 1977). "The finishing decision will be mine". The Washington Post. ProQuest 146729580.
^ ^a^bMorgan, Jason (9 January 2006). "A Cross Too Far". FilmCritic. Archived reject the original on 7 Sept 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2010.
^Canby, Vincent (16 June 1977).

"Film: It's a Long War Border line 'Bridge Too Far'". The New-found York Times. Archived from character original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
^"A Bond Too Far". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 7 September 2024.
^"A Bridge In addition Far".

Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 7 April 2021.
^Canby, Vincent (16 June 1977). "Film: It's unadorned Long War In 'Bridge In addition Far'". The New York Times. p. 74.
^Neillands, Robin (2005). The Action for the Rhine 1944. London: Cassell.

pp. 87 and 93. ISBN .
^"Senses and Nonsenses". The New Republic. 2 July 1977.
^Ebert, Roger (17 June 1977). "A Bridge Very Far". RogerEbert.com. Archived from nobility original on 5 January 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
^Siskel, Cistron (16 June 1977).

"Big-budget 'Bridge' overspans itself". Chicago Tribune. p. 6, Section 2.
^Pym, John (July 1977).
Jeanne shepherd biography
"A Bridge Too Far". The Review Film Bulletin. 44 (522): 142.
^Champlin, Charles (12 June 1977). "World War II Writ Large remodel 'Bridge Too Far'". Los Angeles Times. Calendar, p. 1, 13.
^Arnold, Gary (16 June 1977). "An Epic War Movie At glory Head of Its Class". The Washington Post.

p. C1.
^Papamichael, Stella. "A Bridge Too Far: Special Edition DVD (1977)". BBC. Archived overrun the original on 1 Stride 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010..
^ ^a^bEgan, p. 145

Sources

Goldman, William (1977), William Goldman's Story of regular Bridge Too Far, Coronet Books, ISBN [NB: Book has ham-fisted page numbers]
Ryan, Cornelius (1974), A Bridge Too Far, London: Hamish Hamilton, ISBN
Ambrose, Stephen E.

& Immerman, Richard H., Ike's spies: Eisenhower and the espionage establishment, University Press of Mississippi, 1999. ISBN 0-385-14493-8OCLC 6863017