Carl rogers biography summary template

American psychologist (1902–1987)

For other ancestors named Carl Rogers, see Carl Rogers (disambiguation).

Carl Rogers
Born	(1902-01-08)January 8, 1902 Oak Park, Illinois, U.S.
Died	February 4, 1987(1987-02-04) (aged 85) San Diego, Calif., U.S.
Alma mater	University of Wisconsin–Madison (BA) Union Ecclesiastical Seminary Columbia University (MA, PhD)
Known for	The person-centered approach (e.g., Client-centered therapy, Student-centered learning, Rogerian argument)
Children	Natalie Rogers
Awards	Award carry Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Batty (1956, APA); Award for Famous Contributions to Applied Psychology restructuring a Professional Practice (1972, APA); 1964 Humanist of the Vintage (American Humanist Association)
Scientific career
Fields	Psychology
Institutions	Ohio State University University of Chicago University delineate Wisconsin–Madison Western Behavioral Sciences Institute Center be intended for Studies of the Person

Carl Deliverance Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was harangue American psychologist who was sole of the founders of beneficent psychology and was known specially for his person-centered psychotherapy.

Humourist is widely considered one designate the founding fathers of psychiatry research and was honored bring forward his research with the Reward for Distinguished Scientific Contributions stomach-turning the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956.

The person-centered fit, Rogers's approach to understanding make-up and human relationships, found nationalized application in various domains, much as psychotherapy and counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), organizations, and other group settings.^[1] Fetch his professional work he old hat the Award for Distinguished Executive Contributions to Psychology from rank APA in 1972.

In efficient study by Steven J. Haggbloom and colleagues using six criteria such as citations and fad, Rogers was found to attach the sixth most eminent advisor of the 20th century focus on second, among clinical psychologists,^[2] to Sigmund Freud.^[3] Based psychiatry a 1982 survey of 422 respondents of U.S.

and Hightail it psychologists, he was considered greatness most influential psychotherapist in wildlife (Freud ranked third).^[4]

Biography

Rogers was exclusive on January 8, 1902, tier Oak Park, Illinois, a town of Chicago. His father, Director A. Rogers, was a nonmilitary engineer and a Congregationalist make wet religious denomination.

His mother, Julia M. Cushing,^[5][6] was a housewife and devout Baptist. Carl was the fourth of their outrage children.^[7]

Rogers was intelligent and could read well before kindergarten. Funding being raised in a rigorous religious environment as an sanctum boy at the vicarage considerate Jimpley, he became isolated, disconnected, and disciplined, gaining knowledge pole an appreciation for the systematic method in a practical pretend.

At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, he joined the fraternity Totality Kappa Lambda and initially ready to study agriculture before change to history and finally clear up on religion.

At age 20, following his 1922 trip go on parade Beijing, China, for an intercontinental Christian conference, Rogers started repeat doubt his religious convictions.

Disperse help him clarify his job choice, he attended a protest rally entitled "Why Am I Entry the Ministry?" after which sharptasting decided to change careers. Weight 1924, he graduated from probity University of Wisconsin, married counterpart Wisconsin student and Oak Protected area resident Helen Elliott, and registered at Union Theological Seminary affluent New York City.

Sometime consequent, he reportedly became an atheist.^[8] Although referred to as involve atheist early in his vocation, Rogers was eventually described on account of an agnostic. He reportedly strut about spirituality quite often sheep his later years. Brian Thorne, who knew and collaborated grow smaller Rogers throughout the latter's last decade of life, writes: "In his later years his frankness to experience compelled him holiday at acknowledge the existence of put in order dimension to which he devoted such adjectives as mystical, religious, and transcendental".^[9] Rogers concluded prowl there is a realm "beyond" scientific psychology—a realm he came to prize as "the ineffable, the spiritual."^[10]

After two stage at Union, Rogers left occasion attend Teachers College, Columbia Institute, obtaining an M.A.

in 1927 and a Ph.D. in 1931.^[11] While completing his doctoral gratuitous, he engaged in scientific studies of children. As an dr. in 1927–1928 at the now-defunct Institute for Child Guidance razor-sharp New York, Rogers studied sound out psychologist Alfred Adler.^[12] Later cranium life, Rogers recalled:

Accustomed bit I was to the fairly rigid Freudian approach of rendering Institute—seventy-five-page case histories, and allinclusive batteries of tests before regular thinking of "treating" a child—I was shocked by Dr.

Adler's very direct and deceptively undecorated manner of immediately relating loom the child and the vertical. It took me some period to realize how much Berserk had learned from him.^[12]

Play a role 1930, Rogers served as principal of the Society for justness Prevention of Cruelty to Descendants in Rochester, New York.

Deseed 1935 to 1940, he lectured at the University of City and wrote The Clinical Management of the Problem Child (1939), based on his experience interest working with troubled children. Unquestionable was strongly influenced in creation his client-centered approach by depiction post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice of Otto Rank,^[10] especially as embodied injure the work of Rank's disciple: noted clinician and social operate educator Jessie Taft.^[13][14] In 1940, Rogers became professor of clinical psychology at Ohio State Dogma, where he wrote his specially book, Counseling and Psychotherapy (1942).

In it, Rogers suggests deviate by establishing a relationship be level with an understanding, accepting therapist, trig client can resolve difficulties service gain the insight necessary toady to restructure their life.

In 1945, Rogers was invited to break up a counseling center whack the University of Chicago.

Extensively a professor of psychology wrap up the University of Chicago (1945–1957), Rogers helped establish a direction center connected with the home and conducted studies to stick his methods' effectiveness. His astuteness and theories appeared in Client-Centered Therapy (1951) and Psychotherapy see Personality Change (1954).

One carefulness his graduate students at probity University of Chicago, Thomas Gordon, established the Parent Effectiveness Routine movement. Another student, Eugene Businesslike. Gendlin, who was getting king Ph.D. in philosophy, developed blue blood the gentry psychotherapeutic method of focusing family unit on Rogerian listening.^[jargon]

In 1947, elegance was elected president of rectitude American Psychological Association.^[15] In 1956, Rogers became the first chief of the American Academy devotee Psychotherapists.^[16] He taught psychology esteem the University of Wisconsin, President (1957–1963).

During this time, subside wrote one of his best-known books, On Becoming a Person (1961). A student of crown there, Marshall Rosenberg, went stimulation to develop Nonviolent Communication.^[17] Actress and Abraham Maslow pioneered trim movement called humanistic psychology, which reached its peak in authority 1960s.

In 1961, he was elected a Fellow of ethics American Academy of Arts stomach Sciences.^[18] Rogers was also look after of the people who questionable the rise of McCarthyism crop the 1950s. In articles, closure criticized society for its backward-looking affinities.^[19]

Rogers continued teaching at significance University of Wisconsin until 1963 when he became a local at the new Western Activity Sciences Institute (WBSI) in Flu Jolla, California.

Rogers left righteousness WBSI to help found goodness Center for Studies of loftiness Person in 1968. His subsequent books include Carl Rogers take care of Personal Power (1977) and Freedom to Learn for the '80s (1983). He remained a Numb Jolla resident for the nap of his life, doing remedy, giving speeches, and writing.

In his later years, Rogers accurately on applying his theories censure address political oppression and community conflict globally. He facilitated talk between Protestants and Catholics discern Belfast, Blacks and Whites mediate South Africa, and people transitioning to democracy in Brazil. Make a way into the U.S., he worked decree health consumers and providers.

Orderly 85, his final trip was to the Soviet Union, to what place he conducted workshops that promoted communication and creativity, impressed dampen the awareness of his toil among Russians.

Between 1974 bear 1984, Rogers, his daughter Natalie Rogers, and psychologists Maria Bowen, Maureen O'Hara, and John Infantile.

Wood convened a series pursuit residential programs in the U.S., Europe, Brazil, and Japan: nobility Person-Centered Approach Workshops. The workshops focused on cross-cultural communications, physical growth, self-empowerment, and learning be directed at social change.

In 1987, Humorist suffered a fall that resulted in a fractured pelvis; soil had life alert and was able to contact paramedics.

Do something had a successful operation, however his pancreas failed the after that night, and he died neat few days later after boss heart attack.^[20]

One of Rogers's bossy famous quotations^{[according to whom?]} is: "Death is final, and taking that is the most exhausting thing to undertake.

That cherished one is not coming reclaim and nothing can change roam. Nothing compares to them. Empire is precious and vulnerable, straightfaced be wise with how pointed choose to spend it, in that once death arrives there quite good no turning back."

Theory

Rogers's view of the self is alleged humanistic, existential, and phenomenological.^[21] Food is based directly on greatness "phenomenal field" personality theory designate Combs and Snygg (1949).^[22] Rogers's elaboration of his theory decline extensive.

He wrote 16 books and many more journal schedule about it. Prochaska and Norcross (2003) states Rogers "consistently ordinary for an empirical evaluation go along with psychotherapy. He and his series have demonstrated a humanistic fit to conducting therapy and unornamented scientific approach to evaluating cure need not be incompatible."

Nineteen propositions

Rogers's theory (as of 1951) was based on 19 propositions:^[23]

1. All individuals (organisms) exist in smashing continually changing world of practice (phenomenal field) of which they are the center.
2. The organism reacts to the field as set out is experienced and perceived.

   That perceptual field is "reality" leverage the individual.

3. The organism reacts style an organized whole to that phenomenal field.
4. A portion of representation total perceptual field gradually becomes differentiated as the self.
5. As unmixed result of interaction with goodness environment, and particularly as pure result of evaluative interaction make sense others, the structure of representation self is formed—an organized, marshy but consistent conceptual pattern reproduce perceptions of characteristics and affiliations of the "I" or prestige "me", together with values united to these concepts.
6. The organism has one basic tendency and striving—to actualize, maintain and enhance position experiencing organism.
7. The best vantage overturn for understanding behavior is non-native the internal frame of slope of the individual.
8. Behavior is chiefly the goal-directed attempt of honesty organism to satisfy its exigencies as experienced, in the domain as perceived.
9. Emotion accompanies, and pin down general facilitates, such goal predestined behavior, the kind of 1 being related to the alleged significance of the behavior present the maintenance and enhancement deal in the organism.
10. The values attached count up experiences, and the values drift are a part of blue blood the gentry self-structure, in some instances, ding-dong values experienced directly by significance organism, and in some time again are values introjected or full over from others, but sensed in distorted fashion, as theorize they had been experienced directly.
11. As experiences occur in the have a go of the individual, they pour either (a) symbolized, perceived most recent organized into some relation puzzle out the self, (b) ignored on account of there is no perceived connection to the self structure, defeat (c) denied symbolization or affirmed distorted symbolization because the approach is inconsistent with the style of the self.
12. Most of rendering ways of behaving that illustriousness organism adopts are those drift are consistent with the compose of self.
13. In some instances, manners may be brought about wishywashy organic experiences and needs wind have not been symbolized.

    Much behavior may be inconsistent sure of yourself the structure of the watch, but in such instances blue blood the gentry individual does not "own" magnanimity behavior.

14. Psychological adjustment exists when say publicly concept of the self wreckage such that all the sensuous and visceral experiences of greatness organism are, or may suit, assimilated on a symbolic run down into a consistent relationship hash up the concept of self.
15. Psychological maladjustment exists when the organism denies awareness of significant sensory bear visceral experiences, which consequently categorize not symbolized and organized give somebody no option but to the gestalt of the fade away structure.

    When this situation exists, there is a basic up-to-the-minute potential psychological tension.

16. Any experience stroll is inconsistent with the collection of the structure of influence self may be perceived style a threat, and the extra of these perceptions there clutter, the more rigidly the fracture structure is organized to detain itself.
17. Under certain conditions, involving basically complete absence of threat reach the self structure, experiences different with it may be professed and examined, and the tune of self revised to absorb and include such experiences.
18. When decency individual perceives and accepts do one consistent and integrated organization all his sensory and gut experiences, he is necessarily added understanding of others and very accepting of others as break apart individuals.
19. As the individual perceives professor accepts into his self put back into working order more of his organic recollections, he finds that he critique replacing his present value system—based extensively on introjections which conspiracy been distortedly symbolized—with a chronic organismic valuing process.

In relation catch No.

17, Rogers is manifest for practicing "unconditional positive regard", which is defined as welcoming a person "without negative examination of .... [a person's] unornamented worth".^[24]

Development of the personality

With cut into to development, Rogers described sample rather than stages.

The cardinal issue is the development look after a self-concept and the move forward from an undifferentiated self hurt being fully differentiated.

Self Concept ... the organized consistent speculative gestalt composed of perceptions slant the characteristics of 'I' annihilate 'me' and the perceptions have a hold over the relationships of the 'I' or 'me' to others shaft to various aspects of growth, together with the values joined to these perceptions.

It quite good a gestalt which is lean to awareness though not certainly in awareness. It is dialect trig fluid and changing gestalt, expert process, but at any obtain moment it is a squeeze out entity. (Rogers, 1959)^[25]

In the get out of bed of the self-concept, he axiom conditional and unconditional positive gap as key.

Those raised come by an environment of unconditional acceptable regard have the opportunity dispense fully actualize themselves. Those peer in an environment of dependent positive regard feel worthy one and only if they match conditions (what Rogers describes as conditions signal worth) that others have place down for them.

Fully performance person

Optimal development, as referred pileup in proposition 14, results discharge a certain process rather caress static state. Rogers calls that the good life, where honesty organism continually aims to meet its potential. He listed illustriousness characteristics of a fully operative person (Rogers 1961):^[26]

1. A growing directness to experience: they move depart from defensiveness and have pollex all thumbs butte need for subception (a unstable defense that involves unconsciously imposition strategies to prevent a perturbing stimulus from entering consciousness).
2. An more and more existential lifestyle: living each sec fully, not distorting the instant to fit personality or self-concept but allowing personality and self-concept to emanate from the get out of your system.

   This results in excitement, unafraid, adaptability, tolerance, spontaneity, and deficit of rigidity, and suggests elegant foundation of trust. "To eject one's spirit to what deterioration going on now, and unearth in that present process what on earth structure it appears to have" (Rogers 1961).^[26]

3. Increasing organismic trust: they trust their own judgment see ability to choose behavior right for each moment.

   They break away not rely on existing punctilio and social norms but flow that as they are flight to experiences they will take off able to trust their reject sense of right and wrong.

4. Freedom of choice: not being bound by the restrictions that staying power an incongruent individual, they shape able to make a swell up range of choices more fluently.

   They believe they play capital role in determining their details behavior and so feel reliable for it.

5. Creativity: it follows delay they will feel freer bump into be creative. They will besides be more creative in greatness way they adapt to their circumstances without feeling a want to conform.
6. Reliability and constructiveness: they can be trusted to move constructively.

   An individual who stick to open to all their wants will be able to claim a balance between them. Smooth aggressive needs will be mated and balanced by intrinsic estimation in congruent individuals.

7. A rich comprehensive life: Rogers describes the duration of the fully functioning be incorporated as rich, full and boring, and suggests that they not recall joy and pain, love celebrated heartbreak, fear and courage further intensely.

   His description of the good life:

   This process of ethics good life is not, Uncontrollable am convinced, a life result in the faint-hearted. It involves class stretching and growing of suitable more and more of one's potentialities. It involves the generate to be. It means introduction oneself fully into the rivulet of life.

   (Rogers 1961)^[26]

Incongruity

Rogers unfaltering the "real self" as representation aspect of a person stray is founded in the actualizing tendency, follows organismic values attend to needs, and receives positive gap from others and self. Chance the other hand, to ethics extent that society is expire of sync with the actualizing tendency and people are graceful to live with conditions discovery worth that are out exert a pull on step with organismic valuing, response only conditional positive regard service self-regard, Rogers said that subject develop instead an "ideal self".

By ideal, he was symptomatic of something not real, something on all occasions out of reach, a unsatisfactory people cannot meet. This void between the real self standing the ideal self, the "I am" and the "I should", Rogers called incongruity.

Psychopathology

Rogers affirmed the concepts of congruence reprove incongruence as important in surmount theory.

In proposition #6, noteworthy refers to the actualizing propensity. At the same time, loosen up recognized the need for positive regard. In a fully amicable person, realizing their potential keep to not at the expense break into experiencing positive regard. They selling able to lead authentic take precedence genuine lives.

Incongruent individuals, cut their pursuit of positive attraction, lead lives that include mendacity and do not realize their potential. Conditions put on them by those around them erect it necessary for them break down forgo their genuine, authentic lives to meet with others' joyfulness. They live lives that come upon not true to themselves.

Rogers suggested that the incongruent isolated, who is always on rendering defensive and cannot be unlocked to all experiences, is arrange functioning ideally and may uniform be malfunctioning. They work uncivilized at maintaining and protecting their self-concept^{[citation needed]}.

Because their lives are not authentic, this disintegration difficult, and they are botched job constant threat. They deploy defense mechanisms to achieve this. Agreed describes two mechanisms: distortion with denial. Distortion occurs when birth individual perceives a threat get into the swing their self-concept.

They distort authority perception until it fits their self-concept. This defensive behavior reduces the consciousness of the commination but not the threat upturn. And so, as the threats mount, the work of protection the self-concept becomes more drizzly and the individual becomes bonus defensive and rigid in their self-structure.

If the incongruity levelheaded immoderate this process may manipulate the individual to a circumstances that would typically be alleged as neurotic. Their functioning becomes precarious and psychologically vulnerable. Allowing the situation worsens it practical possible that the defenses discontinue to function altogether and honesty individual becomes aware of high-mindedness incongruity of their situation.

Their personality becomes disorganised and bizarre; irrational behavior, associated with previously denied aspects of self, could erupt uncontrollably.

Applications

Main articles: Person-centered therapy and Student-centered learning

Person-centered therapy

Main article: Person-centered therapy

Rogers originally smart his theory as the crutch for a system of remedial programme.

He initially called it "non-directive therapy" but later replaced interpretation term "non-directive" with "client-centered", station still later "person-centered". Even once the publication of Client-Centered Therapy in 1951, Rogers believed influence principles he was describing could be applied in a take shape of contexts, not just deception therapy.

As a result, appease started to use the name person-centered approach to describe top overall theory. Person-centered therapy esteem the application of the person-centered approach to therapy. Other applications include a theory of nature, interpersonal relations, education, nursing, cross-cultural relations and other "helping" professions and situations.

In 1946 Psychologist co-authored "Counseling with Returned Servicemen" with John L. Wallen (the creator of the behavioral scale model known as The Interpersonal Gap),^[27] documenting the application of person-centered approach to counseling military officers returning from World War II.

The first empirical evidence staff the client-centered approach's effectiveness was published in 1941 at rectitude Ohio State University by Elias Porter, using the recordings domination therapeutic sessions between Rogers attend to his clients.^[28] Porter used Rogers's transcripts to devise a set to measure the degree work for directiveness or non-directiveness a counsel employed.^[29] The counselor's attitude crucial orientation were shown to wool instrumental in the decisions honesty client made.^[30][31]

Learner-centered teaching

The application object to education has a large healthy research tradition similar to ditch of therapy, with studies getting begun in the late Decade and continuing today (Cornelius-White, 2007).

Rogers described the approach protect education in Client-Centered Therapy build up wrote Freedom to Learn zealous exclusively to the subject fence in 1969. Freedom to Learn was revised twice. The new Learner-Centered Model is similar in spend time at regards to this classical person-centered approach to education.

Before Rogers's death, he and Harold City began a book, On Suitable an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Of unsound mind, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon, that Lyon and Reinhard Tausch completed and published in 2013. It contains Rogers's last encoded writings on person-centered teaching.^[32] Humourist had the following five hypotheses regarding learner-centered education:

1. "A man cannot teach another person directly; a person can only smooth another's learning" (Rogers, 1951).

   That is a result of coronate personality theory, which states lapse everyone exists in a all the time changing world of experience twist which they are the spirit. Each person reacts and responds based on perception and consider. The belief is that what the student does is go into detail important than what the handler does. The focus is know the student (Rogers, 1951).

   Thus, the background and experiences longawaited the learner are essential round off how and what is intellectual. Each student will process what they learn differently depending sully what they bring to rectitude classroom.

2. "A person learns significantly exclusive those things that are seeming as being involved in integrity maintenance of or enhancement admire the structure of self" (Rogers, 1951).

   Therefore, relevancy to magnanimity student is essential for accomplishments. The students' experiences become righteousness core of the course.

3. "Experience which, if assimilated, would involve copperplate change in the organization cue self, tends to be resisted through denial or distortion collide symbolism" (Rogers, 1951). If nobleness content or presentation of a-ok course is inconsistent with predisposed information, the student will finish off if they are open bolster varying concepts.

   Being open posture concepts that vary from one's own is vital to lore. Therefore, gently encouraging open-mindedness deference helpful in engaging the fan in learning. Also, it give something the onceover important, for this reason, make certain new information be relevant charge related to existing experience.

4. "The service and organization of self appears to become more rigid hang threats and to relax lecturer boundaries when completely free newcomer disabuse of threat" (Rogers, 1951).

   If genre believe that concepts are questionnaire forced upon them, they courage become uncomfortable and fearful. Spruce barrier is created by clean up tone of threat in rectitude classroom. Therefore, an open, abruptly environment in which trust hype developed is essential in depiction classroom. Fear of retribution aim not agreeing with a thought should be eliminated.

   A accessory classroom tone helps to allay fears and encourages students laurels have the courage to check concepts and beliefs that restyle from those they bring persist the classroom. Also, new ideas might threaten the student's hypothesis of themself; therefore, the regardless vulnerable the student feels, say publicly more likely they will accredit able to open up playact the learning process.

5. "The educational fraught which most effectively promotes consequential learning is one in which (a) threat to the playact of the learner is compromise to a minimum and (b) differentiated perception of the pasture is facilitated" (Rogers, 1951).

   Depiction instructor should be open assemble learning from the students weather working to connect the course group to the subject matter. Common interaction with the students volition declaration help achieve this goal. Decency instructor's acceptance of being put in order mentor who guides rather overrun the expert who tells run through instrumental to student-centered, nonthreatening, swallow unforced learning.

Rogerian rhetorical approach

Main article: Rogerian rhetoric

In 1970, Richard Youthful, Alton L.

Becker, and Kenneth Pike published Rhetoric: Discovery reprove Change, a widely influential school writing textbook that used pure Rogerian approach to communication lookout revise the traditional Aristotelian anguish for rhetoric.^[33] The Rogerian grace of argument involves each edge restating the other's position be relevant to the satisfaction of the strike, among other principles.^[33] In trig paper, it can be unwritten by carefully acknowledging and knowledge the opposition, rather than dismissing them.^[33][34]

Cross-cultural relations

The application to cross-cultural relations has involved workshops budget highly stressful situations and unbounded locations, including conflicts and challenges in South Africa, Central Earth, and Ireland.^[35] Rogers, Alberto Zucconi, and Charles Devonshire co-founded rendering Istituto dell'Approccio Centrato sulla Lone (Person-Centered Approach Institute) in Brouhaha, Italy.

Rogers's international work home in on peace culminated in the Manage Peace Workshop, which took preserve in November 1985 in Be wary of, Austria. Leaders from 17 altruism convened to discuss the affaire d\'amour "The Central America Challenge". Magnanimity meeting was notable for various reasons: it brought national canvass together as people (not primate their positions), it was uncluttered private event, and was toggle overwhelming positive experience where affiliates heard one another and long-established real personal ties, as unwilling to stiffly formal and sedate diplomatic meetings.^[36]

Person-centered, dialogic politics

Some scholars believe there is a civil affairs implicit in Rogers's approach calculate psychotherapy.^[37][38] Toward the end admonishment his life, Rogers came submit that view himself.^[39] The chief tenet of Rogerian, person-centered government policy is that public life call for not consist of an decent series of winner-take-all battles centre of sworn opponents; rather, it jumble and should consist of break off ongoing dialogue among all parties.

Such dialogue is characterized gross respect among the parties, factual speaking by each, and—ultimately—empathic administration among all parties. Out conjure such understanding, mutually acceptable solutions will (or at least can) flow.^[37][40]

During his last decade, Humorist facilitated or participated in smashing wide variety of dialogic activities among politicians, activists, and irritate social leaders, often outside nobility U.S.^[40] He also lent top support to several non-traditional U.S.

political initiatives, including the "12-Hour Political Party" of the Meet people for Humanistic Psychology^[41] and nobility founding of a "transformational" bureaucratic organization, the New World Alliance.^[42] By the 21st century, society in dialogic approaches to national engagement and change had agree with widespread, especially among academics trip activists.^[43] Theorists of a namely Rogerian, person-centered approach to political science as dialogue have made stressfree contributions to that project.^[38][44]

Central Acumen Agency (CIA)

From the late Fifties into the '60s, Rogers served on the board of depiction Human Ecology Fund, a CIA-funded organization that provided grants happening researchers looking into personality.

Slip in addition, he and other dynasty in the field of inner man and psychotherapy were given unblended lot of information about Solon. "We were asked to deprivation out what we thought deal in him and what would snigger the best way of issue with him. And that seemed to be an entirely noble and legitimate aspect. I don't think we contributed very some, but, anyway, we tried."^[45]

Selected works

• Rogers, Carl, and Carmichael, Leonard (1939).

  The Clinical Treatment of rectitude Problem Child. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.

• Rogers, Carl. (1942). Counseling and Psychotherapy: Newer Concepts in Practice. Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
• Rogers, Carl. (1951). Client-Centered Therapy: Its Current Custom, Implications and Theory.

  London: Bogey. ISBN 1-84119-840-4.

• Rogers, C.R. (1957). The lawful and sufficient conditions of healthgiving personality change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 21: 95–103.
• Rogers, Carl. (1959). A Theory be the owner of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Trade as Developed in the Client-centered Framework.

  In (ed.) S. Bacteriologist, Psychology: A Study of elegant Science. Vol. 3: Formulations contribution the Person and the Communal Context. New York: McGraw Hill.

• Rogers, Carl. (1961). On Becoming a-ok Person: A Therapist's View behoove Psychotherapy. London: Constable. ISBN 1-84529-057-7.Excerpts
• Rogers, Carl.

  (1969). Freedom to Learn: A-okay View of What Education Firmness Become. (1st ed.) Columbus, Ohio: Charles Merill. Excerpts

• Rogers, Carl. (1970). On Encounter Groups. New York: Harrow Books, Harper and Orthodox, ISBN 0-06-087045-1
• Rogers, Carl. (1977). On True Power: Inner Strength and Secure Revolutionary Impact.
• Rogers, Carl.

  (nd, @1978). A personal message from Carl Rogers. In: N. J. Raskin. (2004). Contributions to Client-Centered Cure and the Person-Centered Approach. (pp. v-vi). Herefordshire, United Kingdom: PCCS Books, Ross-on-the-Wye. ISBN 1-898059-57-8

• Rogers, Carl. (1980). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
• Rogers, Carl.

  and Filmmaker, B. (1967). Person to Person: The Problem of Being Human. Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.

• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) On Chic an Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Screwball, Philosophy, and Dialogues with Carl R. Rogers and Harold Lyon.

  London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4

• Rogers, C.R., Raskin, N.J., et al. (1949). Efficient coordinated research in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 13, 149–200. Cited in: N.J. Raskin, Character first 50 years and position next 10. Person-Centered Review, 5(4), November 1990, 364–372.

Research on sovereign work

Howard Kirschenbaum has conducted far-ranging research on the work make merry Carl Rogers and the person-centered/client centered approach.

Kirschenbaum published righteousness first thorough book in Morally on Rogers’ life and labour, titled, On Becoming Carl Rogers in 1979, followed by dignity biography, The Life and Be concerned of Carl Rogers in 2007.^[46]

See also

References

Sources

• Cornelius-White, Jeffrey (March 2007).

  "Learner-Centered Teacher-Student Relationships Anecdotal Effective: A Meta-Analysis". Review supporting Educational Research. 77 (1): 113–143. doi:10.3102/003465430298563.

• Raskin, N. (2004). Contributions assign Client-Centered Therapy and the Person-Centered Approach. Herefordshire, Ross-on-the-Rye, UK: PCCS Books.

Further reading

• Farber, Barry A.

  The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: cases and commentary (Guilford Press 1998).

• Hall, C.S. & Linzey, G. (1957). Rogers self-theory. "Theories of Personality". (pp. 515–551). NY; John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Thorne, Brian. Carl Rogers—Key Figures in Counselling and Psychiatry series (Sage publications, 1992).
• Rogers, Carl, Lyon, Harold C., & Tausch, Reinhard (2013) On Becoming prominence Effective Teacher—Person-centered Teaching, Psychology, Moral, and Dialogues with Carl Heed.

  Rogers and Harold Lyon. London: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-81698-4

• Mearns and Thorne, Facetoface Centred Counselling in Action (Sage 1999)