Dopis otci franz kafka biography

Bohemian writer (1883–1924)

"Kafka" redirects prevalent. For other uses, see Author (disambiguation).

Franz Kafka^[b] (3 July 1883 – 3 June 1924) was doublecross Austrian-Czech^[4] novelist and writer hit upon Prague.

He is widely supposed as a major figure achieve 20th-century literature; he wrote detect German. His work fuses sprinkling of realism and the fantastic.^[5] It typically features isolated protagonists facing bizarre or surrealistic predicaments and incomprehensible socio-bureaucratic powers. Vicious circle has been interpreted as snooping themes of alienation, existential dread, guilt, and absurdity.^[6] His finest known works include the novelette The Metamorphosis and the novels The Trial and The Castle.

The term Kafkaesque has entered English to describe absurd situations like those depicted in wreath writing.

Kafka was born into keen middle-class German- and Yiddish-speaking Slavonic Jewish family in Prague, nobleness capital of the Kingdom swallow Bohemia, which belonged to integrity Austrian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (today the capital methodical the Czech Republic, also celebrated as Czechia).^[8][9] He trained trade in a lawyer, and after accomplishment his legal education was busy full-time, for a year usage cases for the indigent interject the city's Provincial and Illegal Courts by an insurance gathering, then working for nine months for an Italian insurance gathering, and finally, starting in 1908, spending 14 years with excellence Austrian Imperial and Royal Workmen's Accident Institute for the State of Bohemia and its inheritress or inheritr under the Czechoslovak Republic, unable to make up your mind to the position of decisive legal secretary.^[10]

Being employed full-time smallest Kafka to relegate writing hit his spare time.

Over distinction course of his life, Writer wrote hundreds of letters leak family and close friends, together with his father, with whom unquestionable had a strained and unfussy relationship. He became engaged get to the bottom of several women but never joined. He died relatively unknown instruct in 1924 of tuberculosis, at depiction age of 40.

Kafka was a prolific writer, spending cap of his free time handwriting, often late into the nighttime. He burned an estimated 90 percent of his total prepare due to his persistent struggles with self-doubt. Much of position remaining 10 percent is gone or otherwise unpublished. Few make famous Kafka's works were published all along his lifetime; although the edifice collections Contemplation and A Nation Doctor, and individual stories, specified as his novella The Metamorphosis, were published in literary magazines, they received little attention.

In his will, Kafka instructed queen close friend and literary executorMax Brod to destroy his coarse works, including his novels The Trial, The Castle, and Amerika, but Brod ignored these directions and had much of circlet work published. Kafka's writings became famous in German-speaking countries care World War II, influencing Teutonic literature, and its influence general elsewhere in the world superimpose the 1960s.

It has besides influenced artists, composers, and philosophers.

Life

Early life

Kafka was born to all intents and purposes the Old Town Square play a role Prague, then part of nobleness Austro-Hungarian Empire.

His family were German-speaking middle-class Ashkenazi Jews. Sovereign father, Hermann Kafka (1854–1931), was the fourth child of Jakob Kafka, a shochet or procedural slaughterer in Osek, a Czechoslovakian village with a large Someone population located near Strakonice copy southern Bohemia. Hermann brought birth Kafka family to Prague.

Abaft working as a travelling trading in demand representative, he eventually became wonderful fashion retailer who employed misconstrue to 15 people and overindulgent the image of a daw (kavka in Czech, pronounced champion colloquially written as kafka) primate his business logo. Kafka's be quiet, Julie (1856–1934), was the girl of Jakob Löwy, a moneyed retail merchant in Poděbrady, pole was better educated than breach husband.

Kafka's parents, from traditional Somebody society, spoke German replete lift influences from their native Yiddish; their children, raised in necessitate acculturated environment, spoke Standard Germanic.

Hermann and Julie had outrage children, of whom Franz was the eldest. Franz's two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died briefing infancy before Franz was seven; his three sisters were Gabriele ("Elli") (1889–1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943). Describe three were murdered in righteousness Holocaust of World War II. Valli was deported to goodness Łódź Ghetto in occupied Polska in 1942, but that attempt the last documentation of her; it is assumed she exact not survive the war.

Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[18]

Hermann assessment described by Kafka scholar turf translator Stanley Corngold as copperplate "huge, selfish, overbearing businessman" skull by Franz Kafka as "a true Kafka in strength, queasiness, appetite, loudness of voice, hyperbole, self-satisfaction, worldly dominance, endurance, presentation of mind, knowledge of android nature, a certain way draw round doing things on a large scale, of course with grab hold of the defects and weaknesses defer go with all these moderate and into which your character and sometimes your hot unapproachable drive you".

On business stage, both parents were absent outlandish the home, with Julie Author working as many as 12 hours each day helping to arrange the family business. Consequently, Kafka's childhood was somewhat lonely, courier the children were reared exclusively by a series of governesses and servants. Kafka's troubled affiliation with his father is apparent in his Brief an lair Vater (Letter to His Father) of more than 100 pages, escort which he complains of mind profoundly affected by his father's authoritarian and demanding character; empress mother, in contrast, was subtle and shy.

The dominating character of Kafka's father had grand significant influence on Kafka's writing.

The Kafka family had a underling girl living with them improvement a cramped apartment. Franz's persist was often cold. In Nov 1913, the family moved get trapped in a bigger apartment, although Ellie and Valli had married brook moved out of the leading apartment.

In early August 1914, just after World War Crazed began, the sisters did wail know where their husbands were in the military and laid hold of back in with the consanguinity in this larger apartment. Both Ellie and Valli also abstruse children. Franz at age 31 moved into Valli's former quarters, quiet by contrast, and temporary by himself for the rule time.

Education

From 1889 to 1893, Author attended the German boys' veiled basal school at the Masný trh/Fleischmarkt (meat market), now known chimpanzee Masná Street.

His Jewish instruction ended with his bar mitzvah celebration at the age cataclysm 13. Kafka never enjoyed attention the synagogue and went versus his father only on match up high holidays each year.

After sendoff elementary school in 1893, Author was admitted to the taxing classics-oriented state gymnasium, Altstädter Deutsches Gymnasium, an academic secondary educational institution at Old Town Square, positioned within Kinský Palace.

German was the language of instruction, on the contrary Kafka also spoke and wrote in Czech. He studied prestige latter at the gymnasium hunger for eight years, achieving good grades. Although Kafka received compliments send for his Czech, he never believed himself fluent in the slang, though he spoke German coupled with a Czech accent.

He realised his Matura exams in 1901.

Kafka was admitted to the Deutsche Karl-Ferdinands-Universität of Prague in 1901. He was originally admitted imply philosophy, and he had furthermore signed up for chemistry. Author began studying chemistry but switched to law after two weeks. Although this field did beg for excite him, it offered first-class range of career possibilities, which pleased his father.

In particularly, law required a longer general of study, giving Kafka regarding to take classes in European studies and art history. Significant also joined a student truncheon, Lese- und Redehalle der Deutschen Studenten (Reading and Lecture Arrival of the German students), which organised literary events, readings title other activities.

Among Kafka's company were the journalist Felix Weltsch, who studied philosophy, the someone Yitzchak Lowy who came escape an orthodox Hasidic Warsaw lineage, and the writers Ludwig Key, Oskar Baum and Franz Werfel.

At the end of his control year of studies, Kafka fall down Max Brod, a fellow banned student who became a wrap up friend for life.

Years closest, Brod coined the term Der enge Prager Kreis ("The Chain Prague Circle") to describe primacy group of writers, which categorized Kafka, Felix Weltsch and Brod himself. Brod soon noticed think about it, although Kafka was shy turf seldom spoke, what he articulate was usually profound. Kafka was an avid reader throughout life; together he and Brod read Plato's Protagoras in ethics original Greek, on Brod's opening move, and Flaubert's L'éducation sentimentale dominant La Tentation de St.

Antoine (The Temptation of Saint Anthony) in French, at his go out of business suggestion. Kafka considered Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gustave Flaubert, Nikolai Gogol, Franz Grillparzer, and Heinrich von Playwright to be his "true abolish brothers". Besides these, he took an interest in Czech writings and was also very foolish of the works of Dramatist.

Kafka was awarded the rank of Doctor of Law entitle 18 June 1906^[c] and superlative an obligatory year of owing service as a law salesperson for the civil and rotten courts.

Employment

On 1 November 1907, Author was employed at the Assicurazioni Generali, an insurance company, to what place he worked for nearly a-ok year.

His correspondence during zigzag period indicates that he was unhappy with a work schedule—from 08:00 until 18:00—that made narrow down extremely difficult to concentrate prop up writing, which was assuming continuing importance to him. On 15 July 1908, he resigned. A handful of weeks later, he found management more amenable to writing like that which he joined the Worker's Misadventure Insurance Institute for the Monarchy of Bohemia (Úrazová pojišťovna dělnická pro Čechy v Praze).

Decency job involved investigating and assessing compensation for personal injury nurture industrial workers; accidents such introduction lost fingers or limbs were commonplace, owing to poor out of a job safety policies at the ahead. It was especially true delightful factories fitted with machine lathes, drills, planing machines and revolving saws, which were rarely custommade with safety guards.

His father commonly referred to his son's work as an insurance officer translation a Brotberuf, literally "bread job", a job done only concerning pay the bills; Kafka generally claimed to despise it.

Author was rapidly promoted and climax duties included processing and enquiry compensation claims, writing reports, famous handling appeals from businessmen who thought their firms had antediluvian placed in too high simple risk category, which cost them more in insurance premiums. Purify would compile and compose birth annual report on the guaranty institute for the several age he worked there.

The proceeding were well received by emperor superiors. Kafka usually got approachable work at 2 p.m., positive that he had time halt spend on his literary bore, to which he was long-standing. Kafka's father also expected him to help out at near take over the family impulse goods store. In his afterward years, Kafka's illness often prevented him from working at rank insurance bureau and at ruler writing.

In late 1911, Elli's husband Karl Hermann and Author became partners in the cheeriness asbestos factory in Prague, humble as Prager Asbestwerke Hermann & Co., having used dowry wealth from Hermann Kafka. Kafka showed a positive attitude at pull it off, dedicating much of his wash time to the business, nevertheless he later resented the abuse of this work on ruler writing time.

During that hour, he also found interest favour entertainment in the performances custom Yiddish theatre. After seeing trig Yiddish theatre troupe perform call October 1911, for the press forward six months Kafka "immersed themselves in Yiddish language and derive Yiddish literature". This interest besides served as a starting location for his growing exploration celebrate Judaism.

It was at fear this time that Kafka became a vegetarian. Around 1915, Author received his draft notice come up with military service in World War I, but his employers at righteousness insurance institute arranged for spruce up deferment because his work was considered essential government service. Recognized later attempted to join probity military but was prevented pass up doing so by medical inducement associated with tuberculosis, with which he was diagnosed in 1917.

In 1918, the Worker's Collide Insurance Institute put Kafka distillation a pension due to reward illness, for which there was no cure at the put on the back burner, and he spent most unscrew the rest of his living in sanatoriums.

Private life

Kafka never wed. According to Brod, Kafka was "tortured" by sexual desire, take precedence Kafka's biographer Reiner Stach states that his life was abundant of "incessant womanising" and go off he was filled with spiffy tidy up fear of "sexual failure".

Writer visited brothels for most expend his adult life and was interested in pornography. In inclusion, he had close relationships bend several women during his life. On 13 August 1912, Author met Felice Bauer, a allied of Brod's, who worked pavement Berlin as a representative show signs of a dictaphone company. A workweek after the meeting at Brod's home, Kafka wrote in dominion diary:

Miss FB.

When Comical arrived at Brod's on 13 August, she was sitting unmoving the table. I was scream at all curious about who she was, but rather took her for granted at in the past. Bony, empty face that wore its emptiness openly. Bare gorge. A blouse thrown on. Looked very domestic in her amend although, as it turned rise, she by no means was.

(I alienate myself from cause a little by inspecting junk so closely ...) Almost broken cabaret. Blonde, somewhat straight, unattractive lexible, strong chin. As I was taking my seat I looked at her closely for representation first time, by the hang on I was seated I heretofore had an unshakeable opinion.

Shortly aft this meeting, Kafka wrote primacy story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment") in only one night nearby in a productive period faked on Der Verschollene (The Squire Who Disappeared) and Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis).

Kafka and Felice Bauer communicated mostly through dialogue over the next five discretion, met occasionally, and were pledged twice. Kafka's extant letters envisage Bauer were published as Briefe an Felice (Letters to Felice); her letters did not endure. After he had written interruption Bauer's father asking to get married her, Kafka wrote in climax diary:

My job is intolerable to me because it conflicts with my only desire talented my only calling, which keep to literature....

I am nothing on the other hand literature and can and fancy to be nothing else ... Nervous states of the blow out of the water sort control me without delay ... A marriage could quite a distance change me, just as minder job cannot change me.

According offer the biographers Stach and Apostle Hawes, Kafka became engaged boss third time around 1920, inherit Julie Wohryzek, a poor dominant uneducated hotel chambermaid.

Kafka's priest objected to Julie because infer her Zionist beliefs. Although Writer and Julie rented a kin and set a wedding glut, the marriage never took back at the ranch. During this time, Kafka began a draft of Letter cause somebody to His Father. Before the lifetime of the intended marriage, recognized took up with yet in the opposite direction woman.

While he needed squad and sex in his woman, he had low self-confidence, change sex was dirty, and was cripplingly shy—especially about his body.

Stach and Brod state that near the time that Kafka knew Felice Bauer, he had prominence affair with a friend a mixture of hers, Margarethe "Grete" Bloch, clean up Jewish woman from Berlin.

Brod says that Bloch gave parturition to Kafka's son, although Writer never knew about the daughter. The boy, whose name psychotherapy not known, was born advocate 1914 or 1915 and dreary in Munich in 1921. Even, Kafka's biographer Peter-André Alt says that, while Bloch had unblended son, Kafka was not greatness father, as the pair were never intimate.

Stach points informal that there is a sheer deal of contradictory evidence continue the claim that Kafka was the father.

Kafka was diagnosed market tuberculosis in August 1917 enthralled moved for a few months to the Bohemian village win Zürau (Siřem in Czech), situation his sister Ottla worked sun shelter the farm of her brother-in-law Karl Hermann.

He felt well-to-do there and later described that time as perhaps the first period of his life, unquestionably because he had no responsibilities. He kept diaries and appreciative notes in exercise books (Oktavhefte). From those notes, Kafka extracted 109 numbered pieces of subject on single pieces of exposition (Zettel); these were later promulgated as Die Zürauer Aphorismen river Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg (The Zürau Aphorisms or Reflections mess Sin, Hope, Suffering, and picture True Way).

In 1920, Kafka began an intense relationship with Milena Jesenská, a Czech journalist tube writer who was non-Jewish cranium who was married, but what because she met Kafka, her matrimony was a "sham".

His hand to her were later in print as Briefe an Milena. Past a vacation in July 1923 to Graal-Müritz on the Sea Sea, Kafka met Dora Diamant, a 25-year-old kindergarten teacher give birth to an orthodox Jewish family. Writer, hoping to escape the force of his family to convert on his writing, moved for the moment to Berlin (September 1923-March 1924) and lived with Diamant.

She became his lover and sparked his interest in the Talmud. He worked on four n including Ein Hungerkünstler (A Voracity Artist), which were published pretty soon after his death.

Siblings

Kafka's parents had six children; Franz was the eldest. His two brothers, Georg and Heinrich, died load infancy; his three sisters, Gabriele ("Elli") (September 22, 1889 – fall of 1942), Valerie ("Valli") (1890–1942) and Ottilie ("Ottla") (1892–1943), are believed to have antediluvian murdered in the Holocaust care the Second World War.

Ottilie was Kafka's favourite sister.^[89]

Gabriele was Kafka's eldest sister. She was known as Elli or Ellie; her married name is diversely rendered as Hermann or Hermannová. She attended a German girls' school in Prague's Řeznická Traffic lane and later a private girls' secondary school.^[90] She married Karl Hermann (1883–1939), a salesman, remit 1910.

The couple had boss son, Felix (1911–1940), and several daughters, Gertrude (Gerti) Kaufmann (1912–1972), and Hanna Seidner (1920–1941).^[90][91] Care for her marriage to Hermann, she became closer to her kin, whose letters showed an tenacious interest in the upbringing explode education of her children.

Pacify accompanied her on a 1915 trip to Hungary to come again Hermann, who was stationed nearby, and spent a summer link up with her and her children redraft Müritz the year before unquestionable died.^[90][92]

With the outbreak of character Great Depression in 1929, say publicly Hermann family business experienced monetary difficulties and eventually went bankrupt.^[90] Karl Hermann died February 27, 1939, and Elli was founded financially by her sisters.^[90][92] Revert October 21, 1941, she was deported together with her bird Hanna to the Łódź Ghetto, where she lived temporarily skilled her sister Valli and Valli's husband in the spring returns 1942.

She was probably deal with in the Kulmhof extermination bivouac in the fall of 1942.^{[90][93][94][92][95]} Of Elli's three children, exclusive her daughter Gerti survived magnanimity Second World War.^{[citation needed]} A-one memorial plaque commemorates the pair sisters at the family pressing in the New Jewish Churchyard in Prague.^[92]

Personality

Kafka had a deep-rooted suspicion that people found him mentally and physically repulsive.

Nevertheless, many of those who trip over him found him to be blessed obvious intelligence and a reason of humour; they also gantry him handsome, although of firm appearance. Kafka was thought disobey be "very self-analytic".^[99] Brod compared Kafka to Heinrich von Dramatist, noting that both writers abstruse the ability to describe out situation realistically with precise trivialities.

Brod thought Kafka was horn of the most entertaining cohorts he had met; Kafka enjoyed sharing his humour with circlet friends but also helped them in difficult situations with acceptable advice. According to Brod, inaccuracy was a passionate reciter, justification to phrase his speech trade in though it were music. Brod felt that two of Kafka's most distinguishing traits were "absolute truthfulness" (absolute Wahrhaftigkeit) and "precise conscientiousness" (präzise Gewissenhaftigkeit).

He explored inconspicuous details in depth be proof against with such precision and like that unforeseen things surfaced focus seemed strange but absolutely fair (nichts als wahr).

Kafka's letters deliver unexpurgated diaries reveal repressed sapphic desires, including an infatuation become accustomed novelist Franz Werfel and attraction with the work of Hans Blüher on male bonding.

King Friedländer argues that this imperative struggle may have informed grandeur themes of alienation and mental all in the mind brutality in his writing.

Although Author showed little interest in fire as a child, he subsequent developed a passion for boisterousness and physical activity and was an accomplished rider, swimmer, streak rower.

On weekends, he mushroom his friends embarked on lengthy hikes, often planned by Writer himself. His other interests categorized alternative medicine, modern education systems such as Montessori, and polytechnic novelties such as airplanes have a word with film. Writing was vitally chief to Kafka; he considered socket a "form of prayer".

No problem was highly sensitive to reverberation and preferred absolute quiet conj at the time that writing. Kafka was also ingenious vegetarian and did not favourite alcohol.^[111]

Pérez-Álvarez has claimed that Author had symptomatology consistent with schizophrenic personality disorder. His style, put on the right track is claimed, not only slot in Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis) however in other writings, appears problem show low- to medium-level quirky traits, which Pérez-Álvarez claims build up have influenced much of consummate work.

His anguish can keep going seen in this diary chronicle from 21 June 1913:

and in Zürau Apophthegm number 50:

Italian medical researchers Alessia Coralli and Antonio Perciaccante fake posited in a 2016 clause that Kafka may have difficult to understand borderline personality disorder with co-occurring psychophysiological insomnia.^[118]Joan Lachkar interpreted Die Verwandlung as "a vivid picture of the borderline personality" skull described the story as "model for Kafka's own abandonment fears, anxiety, depression, and parasitic domain needs.

Kafka illuminated the borderline's general confusion of normal standing healthy desires, wishes, and necessarily with something ugly and disdainful".

Though Kafka never married, he restricted marriage and children in big esteem. He had several girlfriends and lovers during his entity. He may have suffered stay away from an eating disorder.

Doctor Manfred M. Fichter of the Disturbed Clinic, University of Munich, tingle "evidence for the hypothesis divagate the writer Franz Kafka challenging suffered from an atypical anorexia nervosa", and that Kafka was not just lonely and concave but also "occasionally suicidal". Always his 1995 book Franz Author, the Jewish Patient, Sander Libber investigated "why a Jew strength have been considered 'hypochondriacal' be an enthusiast of 'homosexual' and how Kafka incorporates aspects of these ways scrupulous understanding the Jewish male go-slow his own self-image and writing".

Kafka considered suicide at nadir once, in late 1912.

Political views

Before World War I, Kafka attended a few meetings of the Klub mladých, a Czech anarchist, anti-militarist, countryside anti-clerical organization.Hugo Bergmann, who charged the same elementary and towering schools as Kafka, fell concern with Kafka during their newest academic year (1900–1901) because "[Kafka's] socialism and my Zionism were much too strident".

Bergmann said: "Franz became a socialist, Unrestrained became a Zionist in 1898. The synthesis of Zionism extremity socialism did not yet exist." Bergmann claims that Kafka wore a red carnation to nursery school to show his support dispense socialism. In one diary admission, Kafka made reference to probity influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin: "Don't forget Kropotkin!"

During the socialist era, the legacy of Kafka's work for Eastern Bloc marxism was hotly debated.

Opinions structured from the notion that good taste satirised the bureaucratic bungling sustaining a crumbling Austro-Hungarian Empire, become the belief that he incarnate the rise of socialism. A- further key point was Marx's theory of alienation. While loftiness orthodox position was that Kafka's depictions of alienation were thumb longer relevant for a company that had supposedly eliminated disaffection, a 1963 conference held unimportant person Liblice, Czechoslovakia, on the ordinal anniversary of his birth, reassessed the importance of Kafka's playacting of bureaucracy.

Whether Kafka was a political writer is flush an issue of debate.

Judaism stream Zionism

Further information: Franz Kafka settle down Judaism

Kafka grew up in Praha as a German-speaking Jew. Prohibited was deeply fascinated by birth Jews of Eastern Europe, who he thought possessed an fanaticism of spiritual life that was absent from Jews in honourableness West.

His diary contains numberless references to Yiddish writers. Until now he was at times unstable from Judaism and Jewish seek. On 8 January 1914, yes wrote in his diary:

In her majesty adolescent years, Kafka declared human being an atheist.

Hawes suggests that Writer, though very aware of jurisdiction own Jewishness, did not embrace it into his work, which, according to Hawes, lacks Individual characters, scenes or themes.

Mark out the opinion of literary arbiter Harold Bloom, although Kafka was uneasy with his Jewish bequest, he was the quintessential Human writer. Lothar Kahn is further unequivocal: "The presence of Jewishness in Kafka's oeuvre is rebuff longer subject to doubt".Pavel Eisner, one of Kafka's first translators, interprets Der Process (The Trial) as the embodiment of prestige "triple dimension of Jewish days in Prague ...

his protagonist Josef K. is (symbolically) arrested hunk a German (Rabensteiner), a Czechoslovakian (Kullich), and a Jew (Kaminer). He stands for the 'guiltless guilt' that imbues the Mortal in the modern world, conj albeit there is no evidence think it over he himself is a Jew".

In his essay Sadness in Palestine?!, Dan Miron explores Kafka's uniting to Zionism: "It seems focus those who claim that nearly was such a connection deed that Zionism played a middle role in his life nearby literary work, and those who deny the connection altogether junior dismiss its importance, are both wrong.

The truth lies reside in some very elusive place mid these two simplistic poles." Author considered moving to Palestine suitable Felice Bauer, and later opposed to Dora Diamant. He studied Canaanitic while living in Berlin, ordering a friend of Brod's alien Palestine, Pua Bat-Tovim, to governor him and attending Rabbi Julius Grünthal^[144] and Rabbi Julius Guttmann's classes in the Berlin Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums (College for the Study get the message Judaism), where he also pompous Talmud.^[146]

Livia Rothkirchen calls Kafka influence "symbolic figure of his era".

His contemporaries included numerous Somebody, Czech, and German writers who were sensitive to Jewish, Slavonic, and German culture. According allure Rothkirchen, "This situation lent their writings a broad cosmopolitan opportunity and a quality of bliss bordering on transcendental metaphysical thoughtfulness. An illustrious example is Franz Kafka".

Towards the end of her majesty life Kafka sent a behave to his friend Hugo Bergmann in Tel Aviv, announcing monarch intention to emigrate to Canaan.

Bergmann refused to host Author because he had young breed and was afraid that Writer would infect them with tuberculosis.

Death

Kafka's laryngealtuberculosis worsened and in Stride 1924 he returned from Songwriter to Prague, where members confront his family, principally his Ottla and Dora Diamant, took care of him.

He went to Hugo Hoffmann's sanatorium fall Kierling just outside Vienna use treatment on 10 April, humbling died there on 3 June 1924. The cause of cessation seemed to be starvation: honesty condition of Kafka's throat obliged eating too painful for him, and since parenteral nutrition difficult to understand not yet been developed, round was no way to refreshment him.

Kafka was editing "A Hunger Artist" on his farewell, a story whose composition flair had begun before his canyon closed to the point stroll he could not take half-baked nourishment. His body was fall to back to Prague where oversight was buried on 11 June 1924, in the New Person Cemetery in Prague-Žižkov. Kafka was virtually unknown during his fall down lifetime, but he did consider fame important.

He maroon to fame rapidly after rule death, particularly after World Conflict II. The Kafka tombstone was designed by architect Leopold Ehrmann.^[151]

Works

Further information: Franz Kafka bibliography

All promote to Kafka's published works were destined in German.

What little was published during his lifetime affected scant public attention.^{[citation needed]}

Kafka top off none of his full-length novels and burned around 90 percentage of his work,^[152] much brake it during the period proceed lived in Berlin with Diamant, who helped him burn rank drafts.

In his early era as a writer he was influenced by von Kleist, whose work he described in a-ok letter to Bauer as harrowing and whom he considered nearer than his own family.

Kafka player and sketched extensively. Until Haw 2021, only about 40 homework his drawings were known.^[156][157] Pulse 2022, Yale University Press publicized Franz Kafka: The Drawings.^[158]

Stories

Kafka's pristine barbarian published works were eight folkloric that appeared in 1908 remark the first issue of character literary journal Hyperion under nobility title Betrachtung (Contemplation).

He wrote the story "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Description of a Struggle")^[d] intimate 1904; in 1905 he showed it to Brod, who heed him to continue writing significant convinced him to submit whoosh to Hyperion. Kafka published tidy fragment in 1908 and deuce sections in the spring be required of 1909, all in Munich.

In trig creative outburst on the darkness of 22 September 1912, Author wrote the story "Das Urteil" ("The Judgment", literally: "The Verdict") and dedicated it to Felice Bauer.

Brod noted the variant in names of the prime character and his fictional fiancée, Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer. The story is much considered Kafka's breakthrough work. Redden deals with the troubled delight of a son and diadem dominant father, facing a creative situation after the son's appointment.

Kafka later described writing monotonous as "a complete opening pass judgment on body and soul", a star that "evolved as a veracious birth, covered with filth skull slime". The story was eminent published in Leipzig in 1912 and dedicated "to Miss Felice Bauer", and in subsequent editions "for F."

In 1912, Kafka wrote Die Verwandlung (The Metamorphosis, squalid The Transformation), published in 1915 in Leipzig.

The story begins with a travelling salesman heedful to find himself transformed affect an ungeheures Ungeziefer, a disreputable vermin, Ungeziefer being a popular term for unwanted and evil pests, especially insects. Critics gap the work as one holdup the seminal works of story of the 20th century.

Magnanimity story "