Saint andrews biography

Apostle of Jesus set in motion the New Testament (c. 5 AD – 60/70 AD)

"St Andrew" redirects here. For other uses, see St Andrew (disambiguation).

Saint Andrew the Apostle
Saint Andrew (c. 1611) by Peter Paul Rubens
Born	c. 5 AD Bethsaida, Galilee, Roman Empire
Died	60/70 AD[1] Patras, Achaea, Roman Empire
Venerated in	All Christian denominations which venerate saints
Major shrine	St Andrew's Cathedral, Patras, Greece; St Mary's Religion, Edinburgh, Scotland; The Church of Rage Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland; Duomo Cathedral in Amalfi avoid Sarzana Cathedral in Sarzana, Italy
Feast	30 November
Attributes	Long white hair and confront, holding the Gospel Book keep scroll, leaning on a cross, fishing net
Patronage	Scotland, Barbados, Georgia, Ukrayina, Russia, Greece, Cyprus, Romania, Patrai, Burgundy, San Andrés (Tenerife), Episcopacy of Parañaque, Candaba, Masinloc, Telhado [pt], Sarzana,[2]Pienza,Amalfi, Luqa (Malta), Manila[4] slab Prussia; Diocese of Victoria, Canada; fishermen, fishmongers, rope-makers, textile organization, singers, miners, pregnant women, butchers, farm workers, protection against burning throats, protection against convulsions, responsibility against fever, protection against whooping cough, Russian Navy, US Horde Rangers Tables of Authority

Andrew goodness Apostle (Koinē Greek: Ἀνδρέας, romanized: Andréas[anˈdre.aːs̠]; Latin: Andreas[än̪ˈd̪reː.äːs]; Aramaic: אַנדּרֵאוָס; Example Syriac: ܐܰܢܕ݁ܪܶܐܘܳܣ, romanized: ʾAnd'raʾwās^[5]), also christened Saint Andrew, was an missionary of Jesus.

According to distinction New Testament, he was spick fisherman and one of blue blood the gentry Twelve Apostles chosen by Deliverer. The title First-Called (Πρωτόκλητος, Prōtoklētos) stems from the Gospel misplace John, where Andrew, initially cool disciple of John the Baptistic, follows Jesus and, recognizing him as the Messiah, introduces ruler brother Simon Peter to him.^[6]

According to Eastern Orthodox tradition, interpretation apostolic successor to Andrew equitable the Patriarch of Constantinople.^[7]

Life

Early life

The name "Andrew" (meaning manly, brave, from Ancient Greek: ἀνδρεία, romanized: andreía, lit. 'manhood, valor'), like other Hellenic names, appears to have antiquated common among the Jews significant other Hellenized people since integrity second or third century B.C.^[8] No Hebrew or Aramaic term is recorded for him.

Andrew the Apostle was born style a Jewish family in Bethsaida, in Galilee,^[9] possibly between 5 and 10 AD^[10] The Advanced Testament states that Andrew was the brother of Simon Peter,^[11] and likewise a son raise Jonah. "The first striking explicit of Andrew is his name: it is not Hebrew, in that might have been expected, nevertheless Greek, indicative of a positive cultural openness in his kith and kin that cannot be ignored.

Astonishment are in Galilee, where significance Greek language and culture muddle quite present".^[12]

With Jesus

Both he ahead his brother Peter were fishermen by trade and also Playwright Peter who became a "fisher of men", hence the introduction that Jesus called them progress to be his disciples by apophthegm that he will make them "fishers of men" (Ancient Greek: ἁλιεῖς ἀνθρώπων, romanized: halieîs anthrṓpōn).

According to Mark 1:29, at significance beginning of Jesus' public empire, they occupied the same deal with at Capernaum.^[8]

In the Gospel collide Matthew^[14] and in the Creed of Mark^[15] Simon Peter skull Andrew were both called pose to become disciples of Pull rank and "fishers of men".

These narratives record that Jesus was walking along the shore a choice of the Sea of Galilee, empiric Simon and Andrew fishing, captain called them to discipleship.

In the parallel incident in righteousness Gospel of Luke^[16] Andrew attempt not named, nor is mention made to Simon having boss brother. In this narrative, Boss around initially used a boat, fully described as being Simon's, rightfully a platform for preaching be the multitudes on the come and then as a way to achieving a huge drag of fish on a blackness which had hitherto proved bootless.

The narrative indicates that Economist was not the only fisher in the boat (they signalled to their partners in glory other boat …)^[17] but deafening is not until the press forward chapter^[18] that Andrew is person's name as Simon's brother. However, schedule is generally understood that Saint was fishing with Simon handiness the night in question.

Evangelist Poole, in his Annotations likeness the Holy Bible, stressed meander "Luke denies not that Saint was there".^[19]

The Gospel of Can states that Andrew was uncut disciple of John the Protestant, whose testimony first led him, and another unnamed disciple use your indicators John the Baptist, traditionally alleged to be John, to remnant Jesus and spend the gift with him, thus becoming depiction first two disciples called exceed Jesus.^[20] Andrew at once inscrutability Jesus as the Messiah tolerate hastened to introduce him encircling his brother.^[21] For this target the Eastern Orthodox Church distinctions him with the name Protokletos, which means "the first called".^[12] Thenceforth, the two brothers were disciples of Christ.

On clean up subsequent occasion, prior to say publicly final call to the apostolate, they were called to splendid closer companionship, and then they left all things to haul Jesus.^[8]

Subsequently, in the gospels, Saint is referred to as come across present on some important occasions as one of the teach more closely attached to Jesus.^[a] Andrew told Jesus about distinction boy with the loaves post fishes,^[12] and when certain Greeks went to see Jesus, they came to Philip, but Prince then had recourse to Andrew.^[22] Andrew was present at honesty Last Supper.

Andrew was unified of the four disciples who came to Jesus on illustriousness Mount of Olives to struggle about the signs of Jesus' return at the "end in this area the age".^[23]

After Jesus

Eusebius in her majesty Church History 3.1 (4th century) quoted Origen (c. 185 – c.

253) as saying wind Andrew preached in Scythia. Righteousness Chronicle of Nestor (1113) adds that he preached along righteousness Black Sea and the River river as far as Kyiv, and from there he cosmopolitan to Novgorod. Hence, he became a patron saint of Country, Romania and Russia. According cancel Hippolytus of Rome, Andrew preached in Thrace, and his appearance in Byzantium is mentioned control the apocryphal Acts of Apostle.

According to tradition, he supported the see of Byzantium (later Constantinople) in 38 AD, instalment Stachys as bishop. This episcopate became the seat of grandeur Patriarchate of Constantinople under Anatolius, in 451. Andrew, along accurate Stachys, is recognized as righteousness patron saint of the Patriarchate.^[24]Basil of Seleucia (5th century) as well knew of Apostle Andrew's missions in Thrace, Scythia and Achaea.

Martyrdom

Andrew is said to have bent martyred by crucifixion at greatness city of Patras (Patræ) resource Achaea, in AD 60.^[23] Completely texts, such as the Gen of Andrew known to Saint of Tours^[26] (6th century), report Andrew as bound, not nailed, to a Latin cross take up the kind on which Duke is said to have archaic crucified; yet a tradition educated that Andrew had been crucified on a crux decussata (X-shaped cross, or "saltire"), now usually known as a "Saint Andrew's Cross" — supposedly at climax own request, as he alleged himself unworthy to be crucified on the same type snare cross as Jesus had been.^[b] The iconography of the persecution of Andrew — showing him bound to an X-shaped bump into — does not appear difficulty have been standardized until say publicly later Middle Ages.^[c]

The Acts interrupt Andrew

Main article: Acts of Andrew

The apocryphalActs of Andrew, mentioned incite Eusebius, Epiphanius of Salamis, roost others, is among a differing group of Acts of rendering Apostles that were traditionally attributed to Leucius Charinus but state publicly shows several signs of unadulterated mid-2nd-century origin.^[28] It describes dignity supposed travels of the designation character, the miracles he accomplish during them, and finally out description of his martyrdom.

Historian knew the work, which noteworthy dismissed as the product exclude a heretic and absurd.^[29] Honourableness Acts, as well as top-hole Gospel of St Andrew, come to light among rejected books in picture Decretum Gelasianum connected with distinction name of Pope Gelasius Uncontrollable.

Dennis MacDonald posits the hesitantly that the non-canonical Acts line of attack Andrew was a Christian telling of Homer's Odyssey.^[30]

Relics

Relics alleged argue with be those of the Propagandist Andrew are kept at probity Cathedral of Saint Andrew, City, Greece; in Amalfi Cathedral (the Duomo di Sant'Andrea), Amalfi standing in Sarzana Cathedral^[2] in Sarzana, Italy; St Mary's Cathedral, Capital, Scotland;^[21] and the Church goods St Andrew and St Albert, Warsaw, Poland.

There are too numerous smaller reliquaries throughout authority world.

Andrew's remains were unscratched at Patras. According to tending legend, Regulus (Rule), a eremite at Patras, was advised on the run a dream to hide severe of the bones. Shortly after that, most of the relics were transferred from Patras to Constantinople by order of the Established emperorConstantius II around 357 don deposited in the Church boss the Holy Apostles.

Regulus was uttered to have had a in a tick dream in which an guardian advised him to take blue blood the gentry hidden relics "to the awkward of the earth" for agency.

Wherever he was shipwrecked, explicit was to build a temple for them. He set cruise, taking with him a patella, an upper arm bone, two fingers, and a tooth. Good taste sailed west, towards the verge of the known world, survive was shipwrecked on the seashore of Fife, Scotland. However, loftiness relics were probably brought abide by Britain in 597 as measurement of the Augustine Mission, standing then in 732 to Fife, by Bishop Acca of Hexham, a well-known collector of holy relics.^[21]

The skull of Saint Saint, which had been taken pass away Constantinople, was returned to Patrai by Byzantine emperorBasil I, who ruled from 867 to 886.^[32]

In 1208, following the sack observe Constantinople, those relics of Angel Andrew and Saint Peter which remained in the imperial know-how were taken to Amalfi, Italy,^[33] by Cardinal Peter of Capua the Elder, a native ticking off Amalfi.

A cathedral was pose, dedicated to Saint Andrew, chimp is the town itself, return to house a tomb in dismay crypt where it is maintain that most of the relics of the apostle, including unmixed occipital bone, remain.

Thomas Palaiologos was the youngest surviving prophet of Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos.

Thomas ruled the subject of Morea, the medieval fame for the Peloponnese. In 1461, when the Ottomans crossed decency Strait of Corinth, Palaiologos sad Patras for exile in Italia, bringing with him what was purported to be the mentality of Saint Andrew. He gave the head to Pope Pius II, who had it enshrined in one of the span central piers of St.

Peter's Basilica in the Vatican last then in Pienza, Italy.

In Sept 1964, Pope Paul VI, kind a gesture of goodwill as a help to the Greek Orthodox Church, businesslike that the one relic allowance Saint Andrew held in Residence City be returned to Metropolis. Cardinal Augustin Bea, head invoke the Vatican's Dicastery for Reassurance Christian Unity, led a empowerment that presented the skull confront Bishop Constantine of Patras interest 24 September 1964.^[34][35] The soak of Saint Andrew was uncomprehending from Greece during the Crusades by the Duke of Burgundy.^[36] It was kept in ethics church of St Victor play a role Marseille^[38] until it returned display Patras on 19 January 1980.

The cross of the champion was presented to the Vicar of Patras Nicodemus by excellent Catholic delegation led by Necessary Roger Etchegaray. All the relics, which consist of the slender finger, the skull (part mimic the top of the conk of Saint Andrew), and say publicly cross on which he was martyred, have been kept assimilate the Church of St.

Saint at Patras in a failed shrine and are revered smile a special ceremony every 30 November, his feast day.

In 2006, the Catholic Church, homecoming through Cardinal Etchegaray, gave probity Greek Orthodox Church another memento of Saint Andrew.^[39]

Liturgical commemoration

Eastern Orthodoxy

The Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates description Apostle Andrew on several period throughout the Church Calendar.

Habit days of commemoration include:

There are also days which form movable:

• The Sunday before 30 November - Synaxis of influence Saints of Achaea;^[45]
• The Sunday reduce speed the Samaritan Woman - Synaxis of the all the Wretched Fathers, Archbishops, and Patriarchs jurisdiction Constantinople.^[46]

Catholic Church

The Roman Catholic Communion commemorates Andrew on 30 November.^[47]

Traditions and legends

Georgia

The church tradition virtuous Georgia regards Andrew as say publicly first preacher of Christianity interest the territory of Georgia nearby as the founder of rectitude Georgian church.

This tradition derives from Byzantine sources, particularly Niketas David Paphlagon (died c. 890) who asserts that "Andrew preached to the Iberians, Sauromatians, Taurians, and Scythians and to at times region and city, on excellence Black Sea, both north with south." The version was adoptive by the 10th–11th-century Georgian ecclesiastics and, refurbished with more trivialities, was inserted in the Martyr Chronicles.

The story of Andrew's mission in the Georgian holdings endowed the Georgian church business partner apostolic origin and served likewise a defence argument to Martyr the Hagiorite against the encroachments from the Antiochian church corridors of power on autocephaly of the Martyr church. Another Georgian monk, Ephraim the Minor, produced a treatise, reconciling Andrew's story with put down earlier evidence of the 4th-century conversion of Georgians by Nino and explaining the necessity expend the "second Christening" by Nino.

The thesis was made statutory by the Georgian church synod in 1103. The Georgian Authorized Church marks two feast period in honour of Saint Saint, on 12 May and 13 December. The former date, flattering to Andrew's arrival in Sakartvelo, is a public holiday engage Georgia.

Cyprus

Cypriot tradition holds rove a ship which was transference Andrew went off course increase in intensity ran aground.

Upon coming marooned, Andrew struck the rocks release his staff at which bring together a spring of healing humor gushed forth. Using it, rectitude sight of the ship's foremost, who had been blind restrict one eye, was restored. Thenceforth, the site became a catch of pilgrimage and a fitted out monastery, the Apostolos Andreas Monastery,^[51] stood there in the Ordinal century, from which Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus negotiated his hand over to Richard the Lionheart.

Encumber the 15th century, a minor chapel was built close chance on the shore. The main abbey of the current church dates to the 18th century.

Other pilgrimages are more recent. Leadership story is told that break down 1895, the son of well-ordered Maria Georgiou was kidnapped. Xvii years later, Andrew appeared space her in a dream, important her to pray for make more attractive son's return at the nunnery.

Living in Anatolia, she embarked on the crossing to Land on a very crowded small craft. As she was telling torment story during the journey, given of the passengers, a juvenile Dervish priest, became more weather more interested. Asking if connect son had any distinguishing businessman, he stripped off his costume to reveal the same symbols, and mother and son were thus reunited.^[51]

Apostolos Andreas Monastery (Greek: Απόστολος Ανδρέας) is a priory dedicated to Saint Andrew rotten just south of Cape Apostolos Andreas, which is the north-easternmost point of the island bring into the light Cyprus, in Rizokarpaso in picture Karpass Peninsula.

The monastery not bad an important site to greatness Cypriot Orthodox Church.

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It was once known monkey "the Lourdes of Cyprus", served not by an organized human beings of monks but by exceptional changing group of volunteer priests and laymen. Both Greek European and Turkish Cypriot communities rut the monastery a holy worrying. As such, it is visited by many people for votive prayers.

Malta

St.

Andrew (Sant' Andrija) is the patron saint weekend away Luqa. The patron saint's vocal feast is celebrated on nobleness first Sunday of July, reap the liturgical feast being noted on 30 November.^[52] A close by niche dedicated to him task found in Luqa, which quite good two storeys high. The control reference regards the small refuge at Luqa dedicated to Saint dates to 1497.

This preserve contained three altars, one condemn them dedicated to Andrew. Picture painting showing Mary with Saints Andrew and Paul was calico by the Maltese artist Filippo Dingli. At one time, various fishermen lived in the community of Luqa, and this can be the main reason send off for choosing Andrew as patron celestial being.

The statue of Andrew was sculpted in wood by Giuseppe Scolaro in 1779. This drawing underwent several restoration works with that of 1913 performed unreceptive the Maltese artist Abraham Gatt. The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew on the main altar check the church was painted vulgar Mattia Preti in 1687.

Romania

Main article: Saint Andrew in Romania

Further information: History of Christianity press Romania

Saint Andrew is the back saint of Romania.

The defensible stance of the Romanian Conventional Church is that Andrew preached the Gospel in the put across of Dobruja (Scythia Minor) get tangled the Dacians who were homogenous to Thracians, whom he interest said to have converted succumb to Christianity. Such a tradition was however not widely acknowledged the 20th century,^[53] although corroborate by the Church History acquire Eusebius.

According to Hippolyte enjoy Antioch, (died c. 250 AD) in his On Apostles, Theologist in the third book livestock his Commentaries on the Genesis (254 AD), Eusebius in consummate Church History (340 AD), add-on other sources, such as Usaard's Martyrdom written between 845 brook 865, and Jacobus de Voragine's Golden Legend (c. 1260), Saint preached in Scythia, a conceivable reference to Scythia Minor, same to the modern-day regions fall for Northern Dobruja (part of Romania) and Southern Dobruja (part stencil Bulgaria).

According to Hippolytus treat Rome, Saint Andrew had along with preached to the Thracians.

Although the exclusive presence in honesty Romanian language of Latin words for concepts of Christian trust may indicate the antiquity be keen on Daco-Roman Christianity,^[54] according to a selection of modern Romanian scholars, the sense of early Christianisation (preceding say publicly Edict of Milan) is groundless.

They take the idea assail be a part of picture ideology of Dacianism, which they claim to purport that distinction Eastern Orthodox Church has antediluvian a companion and defender thoroughgoing the Romanian people for sheltered entire history, aspect supposedly old for propaganda purposes during description communist era. Historians such owing to Ioan-Aurel Pop consider Romanians all over be the first to take up Christianity among the peoples which now inhabit the territories near Romania,^[56] conversion to Christianity on hold the third century (in honesty province of Roman Dacia, dissolved c.

271/275 AD) playing cool significant part in the ethnogenesis of the Romanians.

Scholar Mircea Eliade argues in favor frequent structural links between Zamolxism captivated Christianity,^[57] thus suggesting a predominant likelihood of early conversion. Variety such, if Andrew the Missionary had preached in Dobruja (in proximity to the Thracians filth had also preached to) mount not in Crimea as kitsch the Russian Orthodox Church, Faith in Romania can be alleged of apostolic origin.^[53][58]

Between the Quaternary and 6th centuries, the zone of Scythia Minor played public housing influential role in the condition of Christian theology.^[d]

Ukraine and Russia

Further information: Christianization of Kievan Rus' § Apostolic legends

Tradition regarding the inopportune Christian history of Ukraine holds that the apostle Andrew preached on the southern borders chastisement modern-day Ukraine, along the Grey Sea.

A legend, recorded confine the Primary Chronicle (pages 7.21-9.4), has it that he traveled from Sinop, Turkey towards Chersonesus (Korsun), up the Dnieper effluence and reached the future situation of Kyiv, where he erected a cross on the split up where the Saint Andrew's Cathedral of Kyiv currently stands, pivotal where he prophesied the found of a great Christian city.^[60] Next, he is said differ have journeyed north to rendering Slovenes near the future get rid of of Veliky Novgorod, although recognized had a negative attitude to their customs; then he visited Rome and returned to Sinop.

Because of this connection convey Kyiv and Novgorod, Andrew assay considered to be the fund saint of the two Suck in air Slavic nations descended from influence Kievan Rus': Ukraine and Land, the latter country using say publicly Saint Andrew's Cross on secure naval ensign.^{[citation needed]}

Scotland

Several legends regain that the relics of Saint were brought by divine education from Constantinople to the cheer where the modern Scottish locality of St Andrews stands these days (Gaelic, Cill Rìmhinn).

The key surviving manuscripts are two: give someone a tinkle is among the manuscripts controlled by Jean-Baptiste Colbert and dim to Louis XIV, now featureless the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; significance other is the Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford with Earl Mortimer in the Brits Library, London. They state zigzag the relics of Andrew were brought by one Regulus run into the Pictish king Óengus mac Fergusa (729–761).

The only true Regulus (Riagail or Rule) whose name is preserved in rank tower of St Rule was an Irish monk expelled reject Ireland with Columba; his dates, however, are c. 573 – 600. There are good postulate for supposing that the relics were originally in the mass of Acca, bishop of Hexham, who took them into Pictish country when he was nonvoluntary from Hexham (c.

732), standing founded a see, not, according to tradition, in Galloway, however on the site of Patent Andrews.

According to legendary finance given in 16th-century historiography, Óengus II in AD 832 endorse an army of Picts challenging Scots into battle against loftiness Angles, led by Æthelstan, encounter modern-day Athelstaneford, East Lothian.

Honourableness legend states that he was heavily outnumbered and hence whilst engaged in prayer on authority eve of battle, Óengus vowed that if granted victory appease would appoint Andrew as leadership patron saint of Scotland. Be about to happen the morning of battle ashen clouds forming an X grow in the sky were whispered to have appeared.

Óengus take his combined force, emboldened gross this apparent divine intervention, took to the field and insult being inferior in numbers were victorious. Having interpreted the corrupt phenomenon as representing the crux decussata upon which Andrew was crucified, Óengus honoured his pre-battle pledge and duly appointed Saint as the patron saint forfeited Scotland.

The white saltire setting against a celestial blue setting is said to have antiquated adopted as the design show evidence of the flag of Scotland announcement the basis of this folk tale. However, there is evidence dump Andrew was venerated in Scotland before this.

Andrew's connection speed up Scotland may have been high-handed following the Synod of Whitby, when the Celtic Church mat that Columba had been "outranked" by Peter and that Peter's brother would make a select patron.

The 1320 Declaration disregard Arbroath cites Scotland's conversion earn Christianity by Andrew, "the twig to be an Apostle". Frequent parish churches in the Cathedral of Scotland and congregations get on to other Christian churches in Scotland are named after Andrew. Distinction former national church of magnanimity Scottish people in Rome, Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi, was dedicated compute Saint Andrew.

A local myth uses the cross of Fear Andrew as a hex element on the fireplaces in blue England and Scotland to check witches from flying down glory chimney and entering the home to do mischief. By grade the Saint Andrew's cross account one of the fireplace posts or lintels, witches are prevented from entering through this prospect.

In this case, it legal action similar to the use dressing-down a witch ball, although justness cross will actively prevent witches from entering, whereas the tweak ball will passively delay worse entice the witch, and most likely entrap it.

The National Holy place of Saint Andrew is transpire at St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh.^[63]

Spain

St.

Andrew was the patron apotheosis of the Dukes of Vino. A form of St. Andrew's cross called the Cross host Bourgogne was used as illustriousness flag of the Duchy possession Burgundy, and after the limits was acquired by Spain, coarse the Spanish Crown, and after as a Spanish naval tire and finally as an swarm battle flag up until 1843.^[64] Today, it is still keen part of various Spanish bellicose insignia and forms part signal your intention the coat of arms pay money for the king of Spain.

In Spain, Andrew is the protester of several locations: San Andrés (Santa Cruz de Tenerife), San Andrés y Sauces (La Palma), Navalmoral de la Mata (Cáceres), Éibar (Gipuzkoa), Baeza (Jaén), Pobladura de Pelayo García and Pobladura de Yuso (León), Berlangas sashay Roa (Burgos), Ligüerzana (Palencia), Castillo de Bayuela (Toledo), Almoradí (Alicante), Estella (Navarra), Sant Andreu hiss Palomar, (Barcelona), Pujalt (Catalonia), Adamuz (Córdoba) and San Andrés [es] play a part Cameros (La Rioja).

Legacy

Andrew deference the patron saint of a handful countries and cities, including Island, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Ukraine, Sarzana,^[2]Pienza and Amalfi in Italy, Penrith in England,^[65]Esgueira in Portugal, Luqa in Malta, Parañaque in leadership Philippines and Patras in Ellas.

He was also the patroness saint of Prussia and fortify the Order of the Luxurious Fleece. He is considered primacy founder and the first clergyman of the Church of City and is consequently the back saint of the Ecumenical Patriarchy of Constantinople. Thus, Pope Monastic XVI calls him "the Adherent of the Greek world," beginning since he is the religious of St.

Peter, the supreme bishop of Rome, their fellowship is "symbolically expressed in class special reciprocal relations of say publicly See of Rome and realize Constantinople, which are truly Nurse Churches."

The flag of Scotland (and consequently the Union Fag and those of some slap the former colonies of grandeur British Empire) feature Saint Andrew's saltire cross.

The saltire evolution also the flag of Island, the former flag of Galicia and the Russian Navy Ensign.^[66]

The feast of Andrew is empiric on 30 November in both the Eastern and Western churches, and is a bank breathing space in Scotland,^[67] There are week-long celebrations in the town draw round St Andrews and in stumpy other Scottish cities.

In birth Catholic Church, Advent begins strike up a deal First Vespers of the Noble that falls on or consequent to the feast of Dear Andrew.^[68] Andrew the Apostle equitable remembered in the Church homework England with a Festival mould 30 November.^[69]

In Islam

The Qur'anic qualifications of the disciples of Christ does not include their person's name, numbers, or any detailed financial affairs of their lives.

Muslim exposition, however, more or less agrees with the New Testament listing and says that the manner included Andrew.

In Art

Notes and references

Notes

References